fig25

Figure 25. Echocardiographic study in apical four-chamber views of an infant with Down syndrome demonstrating common atrioventricular septal defect. In (A), the atrioventricular valve is open [small arrows in (A)] while in (B) and in (C) the atrioventricular valve is closed. Note a large ostium primum atrial septal defect (PASD) in “B” and a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) in (C). Left atrium (LA), left ventricle (LV), right atrium (RA), and right ventricle (RV) are labeled. Reproduced from Ref.^[20].