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![The interplay of oxidative stress and ARMS2-HTRA1 genetic risk in neovascular AMD](https://image.oaes.cc/3563e72a-3014-470f-b0d0-7d852b89a855/3875.fig.3.jpg)
Figure 3. The flow of ROS in the retina. Mitochondria respond to high energy demand in the retina by synthesizing ATP, a by-product of which is the potent ROS superoxide radical. Superoxide radical is converted to less reactive species through a sequence of enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways. If mitochondrial ROS release exceeds antioxidant scavenging capacity, ROS accumulate in the retina and can react with macromolecules, including DNA and unsaturated phospholipids. Elevated ROS and oxidation-modified by-products elicit chronic inflammation, contributing to retinal pathologies like AMD. ROS: reactive oxygen species; AMD: age-related macular degeneration