fig2

Figure 2. The clinical features of AMD progression. (A) Cross section and fundus photo of normal retina showing BM; choriocapillaris; IPL; INL; photoreceptors; and RPE; (B) drusen form underneath the RPE cell layer, preceding late-stage AMD; (C) dry AMD is characterized by extensive drusen, atrophy of RPE and photoreceptors, and deformed blood-retina barrier; (D) wet AMD is characterized by choroidal neovascularization across Bruch’s Membrane into the macula, leading to subretinal hemorrhage and possibly retinal detachment. AMD: age-related macular degeneration; BM: Bruch’s Membrane; IPL: inner plexiform layer; INL: inner nuclear layer; RPE: retinal pigment epithelium