REFERENCES
1. Ruggenenti P, Craverdi P, Remuzzi G. The RAAS in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Nature Rev Nephrol 2010;6:319-30.
2. Chawla T, Sharma D, Sing A. Role of renin angiotensin system in diabetic nephropathy. World J Diabetes 2010;1:141-5.
3. Dunlop M. Aldose reductase and the role of polyol pathway in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 2000;77:S3-12.
4. Noh H, King GL. The role of protein kinase C activation in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 2007:S49-53.
5. Forbes JM, Cooper ME, Oldfield MD, Thomas MC. Role of advanced glycation end products in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:S254-8.
6. Buse MG. Hexosamines, insulin resistance and complications of diabetes: current status. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;290:E1-8.
7. Schleicher ED, Weigert C. Role of hexosamine biosynthetic pathwayin diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int Suppl 2000;77:S13-8.
8. Ruggenenti P, Bettinaglio P, Pinares F, Remuzzi G. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism and renoprotection in diabetic and nondiabetic nephropathies. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:1511-25.
9. Wang F, Fang Q, Yu N, Zhao D, Zhang Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Zhou X, Cao X, Fan X. Association between genetic polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme and diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis comprising 26,580 subjects. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2012;13:161-74.
10. Rahimi Z, Hasanvand A, Felehgari V. Interaction of MTHFR 1298C with ACE D allele augments the risk of diabetic nephropathy in Western Iran. DNA Cell Biol 2012;31:553-9.
11. Imai T, Miyazaki H, Hirose S, Hori H, Hayashi T, Kageyama R, Ohkubo H, Nakanishi S, Murakami K. Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for human renin precursor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1983;80:7405-9.
13. Morales R, Watier Y, Böcskei Z. Human prorenin structure sheds light on a novel mechanism of its autoinhibition and on its non-proteolytic activation by the pro(renin) receptor. J Mol Biol 2012;421:100-11.
14. Sparks MA, Crowley SD, Gurley SB, Mirotsou M, Coffman TM. Classical renin-angiotensin system in kidney physiology. Compr Physiol 2014;4:1201-28.
15. McGill JR, Chirgwin JM, Moore CM, McCombs JL. Chromosome localization of the human renin gene (REN) by in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1987;45:55-7.
16. Hobart PM, Fogliano M, O'Connor BA, Schaefer IM, Chirgwin JM. Human renin gene: structure and sequence analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1984;81:5026-30.
17. Cohen-Haguenauer O, Soubrier F, Van Cong N, Serero S, Turleau C, Jegou C, Gross MS, Corvol P, Frézal J. Regional mapping of the human renin gene to 1q32 by in situ hybridization. Ann Genet 1989;32:16-20.
19. Ichihara A, Kobori H, Nishiyama A, Navar LG. Renal renin-angiotensin system. Contrib Nephrol 2004;143:117-30.
20. Paul M, Poyan Mehr A, Kreutz R. Physiology of local renin-angiotensin systems. Physiol Rev 2006;86:747-803.
22. Navar LG. The kidney is blood pressure regulation and development of hypertension. Med Clin North Am 1997;81:1165-98.
23. Timmermans PB, Wong PC, Chiu AT, Herblin WF, Benfield P, Carini DJ, Lee RJ, Wexler RR, Saye JA, Smith RD. Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 1993;45:205-51.
24. Moore N, Dicker P, O'Brien JK, Stojanovic M, Conroy RM, Treumann A, O'Brien ET, Fitzgerald D, Shields D, Stanton AV. Renin gene polymorphisms and haplotypes, blood pressure, and responses to renin-angiotensin system inhibition. Hypertension 2007;50:340-7.
25. Mansego ML, Redon J, Marin R, González-Albert V, Martin-Escudero JC, Fabia MJ, Martinez F, Chaves FJ. Renin polymorphisms and haplotypes are associated with blood pressure levels and hypertension risk in postmenopausal women. J Hypertens 2008;26:230-7.
26. Ahmad U, Saleheen D, Bokhari A, Frossard PM. Strong association of a renin intronic dimorphism with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 2005;28:339-44.
27. Frossard PM1 PM, Malloy MJ, Lestringant GG, Kane JP. Haplotypes of the human renin gene associated with essential hypertension and stroke. J Hum Hypertens 2001;15:49-55.
28. Chiang FT, Hsu KL, Tseng CD, Lo HM, Chern TH, Tseng YZ. Association of the renin gene polymorphism with essential hypertension in a Chinese population. Clin Genet 1997;51:370-4.
29. Sarkar S, Gupta V, Kumar A, Chaudhary M, Diyundi S, Sehajpal PK, Thangaraj K, Rajender S. M235T polymorphism in the AGT gene and A/GI8-83 substitution in the REN gene correlate with end-stage renal disease. Nephron 2015;129:104-8.
30. Miller SA, Dykes DD, Polesky HF. A simple salting out procedure for extracting DNA from human nucleated cells. Nucleic Acids Res 1988;16:1215.
31. Purkait P, Halder K, Thakur S, Ghosh Roy A, Raychaudhuri P, Bhattacharya S, Sarkar BN, Naidu JM. Association of angiotensinogen gene SNPs and haplotypes with risk of hypertension in eastern Indian population. Clin Hypertens 2017;23:12.
32. Purkait P, Roy AG, Halder K, Suthar P, Raychaudhuri P, Bhattacharya S, Sarkar BN, Naidu JM. Sex-based association of CYP11B2 (-344 C/T) polymorphism in Indian type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Diabetol Vasc Dis Res 2015;3:89-93.
33. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, Sham PC. PLINK: a toolset for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analysis. Am J Hum Genet 2007;81:559-75.
34. Barrett JC, Fry B, Maller J, Daly MJ. Haploview: analysis and visualization of LD and haplotype maps. Bioinformatics 2005;21:263-5.
35. Gabriel SB, Schaffner SF, Nguyen H, Moore JM, Roy J, Blumenstiel B, Higgins J, DeFelice M, Lochner A, Faggart M, Liu-Cordero SN, Rotimi C, Adeyemo A, Cooper R, Ward R, Lander ES, Daly MJ, Altshuler D. The structure of haplotype blocks in the human genome. Science 2002;296:2225-9.
36. Frossard PM, Gonzalez PA, Fritz LC, Ponte PA, Fiddes JC, Atlas SA. Two RFLPs at the human renin (ren) gene locus. Nucleic Acids Res 1986;14:4380.
37. Frossard PM, Lestringant GG, Malloy MJ, Kane JP. Human renin gene BglI dimorphism associated with hypertension in two independent populations. Clin Genet 1999;56:428-33.
38. Naftilan AJ, Williams R, Burt D, Paul M, Pratt RE, Hobart P, Chirgwin J, Dzau VJ. A lack of genetic linkage of renin gene restriction fragment length polymorphisms with human hypertension. Hypertension 1989;14:614-8.
39. Deinum J, Tarnow L, van Gool JM, de Bruin RA, Derkx FH, Schalekamp MA, Parving HH. Plasma renin and prorenin and renin gene variation in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999;14:1904-11.
40. Hasegawa G, Nakano K, Sawada M, Uno K, Shibayama Y, Ienaga K, Kondo M. Possible role of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 in the development of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 1991;40:1007-12.
41. Heesom AE, Hibberd ML, Millward A, Demaine AG. Polymorphism in the 5'-end of the aldose reductase gene is strongly associated with the development of diabetic nephropathy in type1 diabetes. Diabetes 1997;46:287-91.
42. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P; Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartanon the development of diabetic nephropathy in patient with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870-8.
43. Purkait P, Halder K, Roy AG, Sarkar BN, Naidu JM. GSTM1 null genotype associated with type 2 diabetic nephropathy patients among Indian population. World J Pharm Res 2014;3:4452-63.
44. Hasimu B, Nakayama T, Mizutani Y, Izumi Y, Asai S, Soma M, Kokubun S, Ozawa Y. Haplotype analysis of the human renin gene and essential hypertension. Hypertension 2003;41:308-12.
45. Viswanathan V. Prevention of diabetic nephropathy: a diabetologist's perspective. Indian J Nephrol 2004;14:157-62.
46. O'Donnell CJ, Lindpaintner K, Larson MG, Rao VS, Ordovas JM, Schaefer EJ, Myers RH, Levy D. Evidence for association and genetic linkage of the angiotensin-converting enzyme locus with hypertension and blood pressure in men but not women in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 1998;97:1766-72.
47. Manrique C, Lastra G, Gardner M, Sowers JR. The renin angiotensin aldosterone system in hypertension: roles of insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Med Clin North Am 2009;93:569-82.
48. Lin J, Hu FB, Qi L and Curhan GC. Genetic polymorphisms of angiotensin-2 type 1 receptor and angiotensinogen and risk of renal dysfunction and coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Nephrol 2009;10:9.
49. Chang HR, Cheng CH, Shu KH, Chen CH, Lian JD, Wu MY. Study of the polymorphism of angiotensinogen, anigiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin receptor in type II diabetes with end-stage renal disease in Taiwan. J Chin Med Assoc 2003;66:51-6.
50. Ezzidi I, Mtiraoui N, Kacem M, Chaieb M, Mahjoub T, Almawi WY. Identification of specific angiotensin-converting enzyme variants and haplotypes that confer risk and protection against type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009;25:717-24.
51. van Ittersum FJ, de Man AM, Thijssen S, de Knijff P, Slagboom E, Smulders Y, Tarnow L, Donker AJ, Bilo HJ, Stehouwer CD. Genetic polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system and complications of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000;15:1000-7.
52. Mitchell KD, Navar LG. Intrarenal actions of angiotensin II in the pathogenesis of experimental hypertension, in hypertension: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, editors. New York: Raven Press; 1995. pp. 1437-50.
53. Navar LG, Prieto-Carrasquero MC, Kobori H. Renal renin-angiotensin system. In: Kastin AJ, editor. Handbook of Biologically Active Peptides. Academic Press; 2006. pp. 1235-42.
54. Kobori H, Nangaku M, Navar LG, Nishiyama A. The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system: from physiology to the pathobiology of hypertension and kidney disease. Pharmacol Rev 2007;59:251-87.
55. Ingert C, Grima M, Coquard C, Barthelmebs M, Imbs JL. Contribution of angiotensin II internalization to intrarenal angiotensin II levels in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002;283:F1003-10.
56. Rosivall L, Navar LG. Effects on renal hemodynamics of intra-arterial infusions of angiotensins I and II. Am J Physiol 1983;245:F181-7.
57. Komlosi P, Fuson AL, Fintha A, Peti-Peterdi J, Rosivall L, Warnock DG, Bell PD. Angiotensin I conversion to angiotensin II stimulates cortical collecting duct sodium transport. Hypertension 2003;42:195-9.
58. Hackenthal E, Paul M, Ganten D, Taugner R. Morphology, physiology, and molecular biology of renin secretion. Physiol Rev 1990;70:1067-116.
59. Schnermann JB, Traynor T, Yang T, Huang YG, Oliverio MI, Coffman T, Briggs JP. Absence of tubuloglomerular feedback responses in AT1A receptor deficient mice. Am J Physiol 1997;273:F315-20.
60. Tarnow L, Cambien F, Rossing P, Nielsen FS, Hansen BV, Lecerf L, Poirier O, Danilov S, Parving HH. Lack of relationship between an insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene and diabetic nephropathy and proliferative retinopathy in IDDM patients. Diabetes 1995;44:489-94.
61. Tarnow L, Cambien F, Rossing P, Nielsen FS, Hansen BV, Ricard S, Poirier O, Parving HH. Angiotensinogen gene polymorphisms in IDDM patients with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes 1996;45:367-9.
62. Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Hirose T, Hiraishi K, Shoji I, Shibasaki A, Kato I, Kaneko K, Sasano H, Satoh F, Totsune K. Expression of (pro)renin receptor in human kidneys with end-stage kidney disease due to diabetic nephropathy. Peptides 2010;31:1405-8.
63. Kostulas K, Brophy VH, Moraitis K, Manolescu A, Kostulas V, Gretarsdottir S, Cheng S, Hillert J. Genetic profile of ischemic cerebrovascular disease and carotid stenosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2008;118:146-52.
64. Chiang FT, Hsu KL, Tseng CD, Lo HM, Chern TH, Tseng YZ. Association of the renin gene polymorphism with essential hypertension in a Chinese population. Clin Genet 1997;51:370-4.
65. Sun B, Williams JS, Pojoga L, Chamarthi B, Lasky-Su J, Raby BA, Hopkins PN, Jeunemaitre X, Brown NJ, Ferri C, Williams GH. Renin gene polymorphism: its relationship to hypertension, renin levels and vascular responses. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011;12:564-71.
66. Purkait P, Suthar PC, Purohit VK, Naidu JM, Sarkar BN. Renin- Angiotensin- Aldosterone System gene polymorphisms in Type 2 Diabetic patients among the Mewari population of Rajasthan. Int J Biol Med Res 2013;4:3128-34.
67. Purkait Pulakes, Raychodhury P, Bandhyopadhya S, Naidu JM, Sarkar BN. Analysis of Aldosterone Synthase Gene Promoter (-344 C>T) Polymorphism in Indian Diabetic Nephropathy Patients. J Diabetes Metab 2013;4:271.
68. Prasad P, Tiwari AK, Kumar KM, Ammini AC, Gupta A, Gupta R, Sharma AK, Rao AR, Nagendra R, Chandra TS, Tiwari SC, Rastogi P, Gupta BL, Thelma BK. Cronic renal insuffiency among Asian Indians with type 2 diabetes: I Role of RAAS gene polymorphisms. BMC Med Genet 2006;7:42.
69. Berge KE, Berg K. No effect of a BglI polymorphism at the renin (REN) locus on blood pressure level or variability. Clin Genet 1994;46:436-8.
70. Chiang FT, Hsu KL, Tseng CD, Lo HM, Chern TH, Tseng YZ. Association of the renin gene polymorphism with essential hypertension in a Chinese population. Clin Genet 1997;51:370-4.
71. Mtiraoui N, Ezzidi I, Turki A, Chaieb M, Mahjoub T, Almawi WY. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system genotypes and haplotypes affect the susceptibility to nephropathy in type 2 diabetes patients. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011;12:572-80.
