REFERENCES

1. Jian Z, Liu R, Zhu X, Smerin D, Zhong Y, et al. The involvement and therapy target of immune cells after ischemic stroke. Front Immunol 2019;10:2167.

2. Sevenich L. Brain-resident microglia and blood-borne macrophages orchestrate central nervous system inflammation in neurodegenerative disorders and brain cancer. Front Immunol 2018;9:697.

3. Hu X, Leak RK, Shi Y, Suenaga J, Gao Y, et al. Microglial and macrophage polarization - new prospects for brain repair. Nat Rev Neurol 2015;11:56-64.

4. Flores JJ, Klebe D, Tang J, Zhang JH. A comprehensive review of therapeutic targets that induce microglia/macrophage-mediated hematoma resolution after germinal matrix hemorrhage. J Neurosci Res 2020;98:121-8.

5. Kreutzberg GW. Microglia: a sensor for pathological events in the CNS. Trends Neurosci 1996;19:312-8.

6. Kettenmann H, Hanisch UK, Noda M, Verkhratsky A. Physiology of microglia. Physiol Rev 2011;91:461-553.

7. Ling EA, Wong WC. The origin and nature of ramified and amoeboid microglia: a historical review and current concepts. Glia 1993;7:9-18.

8. Rio-Hortega PD. The microglia. Lancet 1939;233:1023-6.

9. Matsumoto H, Kumon Y, Watanabe H, Ohnishi T, Shudou M, et al. Antibodies to CD11b, CD68, and lectin label neutrophils rather than microglia in traumatic and ischemic brain lesions. J Neurosci Res 2007;85:994-1009.

10. Abe N, Choudhury ME, Watanabe M, Kawasaki S, Nishihara T, et al. Comparison of the detrimental features of microglia and infiltrated macrophages in traumatic brain injury: a study using a hypnotic bromovalerylurea. Glia 2018;66:2158-73.

11. Matsumoto H, Kumon Y, Watanabe H, Ohnishi T, Shudou M, et al. Accumulation of macrophage-like cells expressing NG2 proteoglycan and Iba1 in ischemic core of rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008;28:149-63.

12. Smirkin A, Matsumoto H, Takahashi H, Inoue A, Tagawa M, et al. Iba1(+)/NG2(+) macrophage-like cells expressing a variety of neuroprotective factors ameliorate ischemic damage of the brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010;30:603-15.

13. Nishihara T, Ochi M, Sugimoto K, Takahashi H, Yano H, et al. Subcutaneous injection containing IL-3 and GM-CSF ameliorates stab wound-induced brain injury in rats. Exp Neurol 2011;229:507-16.

14. Taguchi S, Choudhury ME, Miyanishi K, Nakanishi Y, Kameda K, et al. Aggravating effects of treadmill exercises during the early-onset period in a rat traumatic brain injury model: when should rehabilitation exercises be initiated? IBRO Rep 2019;7:82-9.

15. Hu X, Li P, Guo Y, Wang H, Leak RK, et al. Microglia/macrophage polarization dynamics reveal novel mechanism of injury expansion after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2012;43:3063-70.

16. Kigerl KA, Gensel JC, Ankeny DP, Alexander JK, Donnelly DJ, et al. Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord. J Neurosci 2009;29:13435-44.

17. Cherry JD, Olschowka JA, O’Banion MK. Neuroinflammation and M2 microglia: The good, the bad, and the inflamed. J Neuroinflammation 2014;11:98.

18. Ransohoff RM. A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist. Nat Neurosci 2016;19:987-91.

19. Matsumoto S, Tanaka J, Yano H, Takahashi H, Sugimoto K, et al. CD200+ and CD200- macrophages accumulated in ischemic lesions of rat brain: the two populations cannot be classified as either M1 or M2 macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2015;282:7-20.

20. da Fonseca ACC, Matias D, Garcia C, Amaral R, Geraldo LH, et al. The impact of microglial activation on blood-brain barrier in brain diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2014;8:362.

21. Pun PBL, Lu J, Moochhala S. Involvement of ROS in BBB dysfunction. Free Radic Res 2009;43:348-64.

22. Tei N, Tanaka J, Sugimoto K, Nishihara T, Nishioka R, et al. Expression of MCP-1 and fractalkine on endothelial cells and astrocytes may contribute to the invasion and migration of brain macrophages in ischemic rat brain lesions. J Neurosci Res 2013;91:681-93.

23. Inoue A, Tanaka J, Takahashi H, Kohno S, Ohue S, et al. Blood vessels expressing CD90 in human and rat brain tumors. Neuropathology 2016;36:168-80.

24. Kobayashi K, Yano H, Umakoshi A, Matsumoto S, Mise A, et al. A truncated form of CD200 (CD200S) expressed on glioma cells prolonged survival in a rat glioma model by induction of a dendritic cell-like phenotype in tumor-associated macrophages. Neoplasia 2016;18:229-41.

25. Perry VH, Hume DA, Gordon S. Immunohistochemical localization of macrophages and microglia in the adult and developing mouse brain. Neuroscience 1985;15:313-26.

26. Perry VH, Gordon S. Macrophages and microglia in the nervous system. Trends Neurosci 1988;11:273-7.

27. Sugimoto K, Nishioka R, Ikeda A, Mise A, Takahashi H, et al. Activated microglia in a rat stroke model express NG2 proteoglycan in peri-infarct tissue through the involvement of TGF-beta1. Glia 2014;62:185-98.

28. Cronk JC, Filiano AJ, Louveau A, Marin I, Marsh R, et al. Peripherally derived macrophages can engraft the brain independent of irradiation and maintain an identity distinct from microglia. J Exp Med 2018;215:1627-47.

29. Butovsky O, Jedrychowski MP, Moore CS, Cialic R, Lanser AJ, et al. Identification of a unique TGF-beta-dependent molecular and functional signature in microglia. Nat Neurosci 2014;17:131-43.

30. Gautier EL, Shay T, Miller J, Greter M, Jakubzick C, et al; Immunological Genome Consortium. Gene-expression profiles and transcriptional regulatory pathways that underlie the identity and diversity of mouse tissue macrophages. Nat Immunol 2012;13:1118-28.

31. DePaula-Silva AB, Gorbea C, Doty DJ, Libbey JE, Sanchez JMS, et al. Differential transcriptional profiles identify microglial- and macrophage-specific gene markers expressed during virus-induced neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2019;16:152.

32. Gosselin D, Link VM, Romanoski CE, Fonseca GJ, Eichenfield DZ, et al. Environment drives selection and function of enhancers controlling tissue-specific macrophage identities. Cell 2014;159:1327-40.

33. Bennett ML, Bennett FC, Liddelow SA, Ajami B, Zamanian JL, et al. New tools for studying microglia in the mouse and human CNS. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:E1738-46.

34. Satoh J, Kino Y, Asahina N, Takitani M, Miyoshi J, et al. TMEM119 marks a subset of microglia in the human brain. Neuropathology 2016;36:39-49.

35. Kanamoto T, Mizuhashi K, Terada K, Minami T, Yoshikawa H, et al. Isolation and characterization of a novel plasma membrane protein, osteoblast induction factor (obif), associated with osteoblast differentiation. BMC Dev Biol 2009;9:70.

36. Konishi H, Kobayashi M, Kunisawa T, Imai K, Sayo A, et al. Siglec-H is a microglia-specific marker that discriminates microglia from CNS-associated macrophages and CNS-infiltrating monocytes. Glia 2017;65:1927-43.

37. Siew JJ, Chern Y. Microglial lectins in health and neurological diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2018;11:158.

38. Kumar MAS, Peluso M, Chaudhary P, Dhawan J, Beheshti A, et al. Fractionated radiation exposure of rat spinal cords leads to latent neuro-inflammation in brain, cognitive deficits, and alterations in apurinic endonuclease. PLoS One 2015;10:e0133016.

39. Choudhury ME, Miyanishi K, Takeda H, Islam A, Matsuoka N, et al. Phagocytic elimination of synapses by microglia during sleep. Glia 2020;68:44-59.

40. Yokoyama A, Yang L, Itoh S, Mori K, Tanaka J. Microglia, a potential source of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Glia 2004;45:96-104.

41. Umakoshi K, Choudhury ME, Nishioka R, Matsumoto H, Abe N, et al. B lymphocytopenia and Bregs in a not-to-die murine sepsis model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020;523:202-7.

42. McGeer PL, McGeer EG. Glial reactions in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 2008;23:474-83.

43. Higaki H, Choudhury ME, Kawamoto C, Miyamoto K, Islam A, et al. The hypnotic bromovalerylurea ameliorates 6-hydroxydopamine-induced dopaminergic neuron loss while suppressing expression of interferon regulatory factors by microglia. Neurochem Int 2016;99:158-68.

44. Choudhury ME, Sugimoto K, Kubo M, Nagai M, Nomoto M, et al. A cytokine mixture of GM-CSF and IL-3 that induces a neuroprotective phenotype of microglia leading to amelioration of (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinsonism of rats. Brain Behav 2011;1:26-43.

45. Banati RB, Gehrmann J, Schubert P, Kreutzberg GW. Cytotoxicity of microglia. Glia 1993;7:111-8.

46. Takeuchi H, Jin S, Suzuki H, Doi Y, Liang J, et al. Blockade of microglial glutamate release protects against ischemic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2008;214:144-6.

47. Aono H, Choudhury ME, Higaki H, Miyanishi K, Kigami Y, et al. Microglia may compensate for dopaminergic neuron loss in experimental Parkinsonism through selective elimination of glutamatergic synapses from the subthalamic nucleus. Glia 2017;65:1833-47.

48. Miyanishi K, Choudhury ME, Watanabe M, Kubo M, Nomoto M, et al. Behavioral tests predicting striatal dopamine level in a rat hemi-Parkinson’s disease model. Neurochem Int 2019;122:38-46.

49. Kumar V. Toll-like receptors in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2019;332:16-30.

50. Bezard E, Gross CE, Brotchie JM. Presymptomatic compensation in Parkinson’s disease is not dopamine-mediated. Trends Neurosci 2003;26:215-21.

51. Kurkowska-Jastrzebska I, Litwin T, Joniec I, Ciesielska A, Przybylkowski A, et al. Dexamethasone protects against dopaminergic neurons damage in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2004;4:1307-18.

52. Castano A, Herrera AJ, Cano J, Machado A. The degenerative effect of a single intranigral injection of LPS on the dopaminergic system is prevented by dexamethasone, and not mimicked by rh-TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IFN-gamma. J Neurochem 2002;81:150-7.

53. Chen H, Jacobs E, Schwarzschild MA, McCullough ML, Calle EE, et al. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug use and the risk for Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 2005;58:963-7.

54. Gerhard A, Pavese N, Hotton G, Turkheimer F, Es M, et al. In vivo imaging of microglial activation with [11C](R)-PK11195 PET in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 2006;21:404-12.

55. Gagne JJ, Power MC. Anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of Parkinson disease: a meta-analysis. Neurology 2010;74:995-1002.

56. Leal MC, Casabona JC, Puntel M, Pitossi FJ. Interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha: reliable targets for protective therapies in Parkinson’s Disease? Front Cell Neurosci 2013;7:53.

57. Moran LB, Graeber MB. The facial nerve axotomy model. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2004;44:154-78.

58. Sudo S, Tanaka J, Toku K, Desaki J, Matsuda S, et al. Neurons induce the activation of microglial cells in vitro. Exp Neurol 1998;154:499-510.

59. Kettenmann H, Kirchhoff F, Verkhratsky A. Microglia: new roles for the synaptic stripper. Neuron 2013;77:10-8.

60. Streit WJ. Microglia as neuroprotective, immunocompetent cells of the CNS. Glia 2002;40:133-9.

61. Nakata T, Kawachi K, Nagashima M, Yasugi T, Izutani H, et al. Transient ischemia-induced paresis and complete paraplegia displayed distinct reactions of microglia and macrophages. Brain Res 2011;1420:114-24.

62. Tsuda M, Beggs S, Salter MW, Inoue K. Microglia and intractable chronic pain. Glia 2013;61:55-61.

63. Nishihara T, Tanaka J, Sekiya K, Nishikawa Y, Abe N, et al. Chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in rats causes different activation modes of microglia between the anterior and posterior horns of the spinal cord. Neurochem Int 2020;134:104672.

64. Sekiya K, Nishihara T, Abe N, Konishi A, Nandate H, et al. Carbon monoxide poisoning-induced delayed encephalopathy accompanies decreased microglial cell numbers: Distinctive pathophysiological features from hypoxemia-induced brain damage. Brain Res 2019;1710:22-32.

65. Claus HL, Walberer M, Simard ML, Emig B, Muesken SM, et al. NG2 and NG2-positive cells delineate focal cerebral infarct demarcation in rats. Neuropathology 2013;33:30-8.

66. Brown GC, Neher JJ. Microglial phagocytosis of live neurons. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014;15:209-16.

67. Neher JJ, Emmrich JV, Fricker M, Mander PK, Thery C, et al. Phagocytosis executes delayed neuronal death after focal brain ischemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013;110:E4098-107.

68. Szalay G, Martinecz B, Lenart N, Kornyei Z, Orsolits B, et al. Microglia protect against brain injury and their selective elimination dysregulates neuronal network activity after stroke. Nat Commun 2016;7:11499.

69. Jin WN, Shi SX, Li Z, Li M, Wood K, et al. Depletion of microglia exacerbates postischemic inflammation and brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017;37:2224-36.

70. Kim JB, Sig Choi J, Yu YM, Nam K, Piao CS, et al. HMGB1, a novel cytokine-like mediator linking acute neuronal death and delayed neuroinflammation in the postischemic brain. J Neurosci 2006;26:6413-21.

71. Shichita T, Hasegawa E, Kimura A, Morita R, Sakaguchi R, et al. Peroxiredoxin family proteins are key initiators of post-ischemic inflammation in the brain. Nat Med 2012;18:911-7.

72. Islam A, Choudhury ME, Kigami Y, Utsunomiya R, Matsumoto S, et al. Sustained anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-beta1 on microglia/macrophages. Biochim Biophys Acta 2018;1864:721-34.

73. Ishii Y, Yamaizumi A, Kawakami A, Islam A, Choudhury ME, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of noradrenaline on LPS-treated microglial cells: suppression of NFkappaB nuclear translocation and subsequent STAT1 phosphorylation. Neurochem Int 2015;90:56-66.

74. Yokoyama A, Sakamoto A, Kameda K, Imai Y, Tanaka J. NG2 proteoglycan-expressing microglia as multipotent neural progenitors in normal and pathologic brains. Glia 2006;53:754-68.

75. Gao L, Laude K, Cai H. Mitochondrial pathophysiology, reactive oxygen species, and cardiovascular diseases. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008;38:137-55.

76. Sinz EH, Kochanek PM, Dixon CE, Clark RS, Carcillo JA, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase is an endogenous neuroprotectant after traumatic brain injury in rats and mice. J Clin Invest 1999;104:647-56.

77. Hall ED, Wang JA, Miller DM. Relationship of nitric oxide synthase induction to peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative damage during the first week after experimental traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2012;238:176-82.

78. Toku K, Tanaka J, Yano H, Desaki J, Zhang B, et al. Microglial cells prevent nitric oxide-induced neuronal apoptosis in vitro. J Neurosci Res 1998;53:415-25.

79. Tanaka J, Toku K, Zhang B, Ishihara K, Sakanaka M, et al. Astrocytes prevent neuronal death induced by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Glia 1999;28:85-96.

80. Matsumoto H, Kumon Y, Watanabe H, Ohnishi T, Takahashi H, et al. Expression of CD200 by macrophage-like cells in ischemic core of rat brain after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Neurosci Lett 2007;418:44-8.

81. Dudvarski Stankovic N, Teodorczyk M, Ploen R, Zipp F, Schmidt MHH. Microglia-blood vessel interactions: a double-edged sword in brain pathologies. Acta Neuropathol 2016;131:347-63.

82. Jiang Z, Jiang JX, Zhang GX. Macrophages: a double-edged sword in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol Lett 2014;160:17-22.

83. Patel AR, Ritzel R, McCullough LD, Liu F. Microglia and ischemic stroke: a double-edged sword. Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol 2013;5:73-90.

84. Xu H, Wang Z, Li J, Wu H, Peng Y, et al. The polarization states of microglia in TBI: a new paradigm for pharmacological intervention. Neural Plast 2017;2017:5405104.

85. Tanaka J, Fujita H, Matsuda S, Toku K, Sakanaka M, et al. Glucocorticoid- and mineralocorticoid receptors in microglial cells: the two receptors mediate differential effects of corticosteroids. Glia 1997;20:23-37.

86. Kvarta MD, Bradbrook KE, Dantrassy HM, Bailey AM, Thompson SM. Corticosterone mediates the synaptic and behavioral effects of chronic stress at rat hippocampal temporoammonic synapses. J Neurophysiol 2015;114:1713-24.

87. Smith MA. Hippocampal vulnerability to stress and aging: possible role of neurotrophic factors. Behav Brain Res 1996;78:25-36.

88. Mori K, Ozaki E, Zhang B, Yang L, Yokoyama A, et al. Effects of norepinephrine on rat cultured microglial cells that express alpha1, alpha2, beta1 and beta2 adrenergic receptors. Neuropharmacology 2002;43:1026-34.

89. Zhang B, Yang L, Konishi Y, Maeda N, Sakanaka M, et al. Suppressive effects of phosphodiesterase type IV inhibitors on rat cultured microglial cells: comparison with other types of cAMP-elevating agents. Neuropharmacology 2002;42:262-9.

90. Fujita H, Tanaka J, Maeda N, Sakanaka M. Adrenergic agonists suppress the proliferation of microglia through beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Neurosci Lett 1998;242:37-40.

91. Qian L, Wu HM, Chen SH, Zhang D, Ali SF, et al. beta2-adrenergic receptor activation prevents rodent dopaminergic neurotoxicity by inhibiting microglia via a novel signaling pathway. J Immunol 2011;186:4443-54.

92. Heneka MT, Nadrigny F, Regen T, Martinez-Hernandez A, Dumitrescu-Ozimek L, et al. Locus ceruleus controls Alzheimer’s disease pathology by modulating microglial functions through norepinephrine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010;107:6058-63.

93. Sugama S, Takenouchi T, Hashimoto M, Ohata H, Takenaka Y, et al. Stress-induced microglial activation occurs through beta-adrenergic receptor: noradrenaline as a key neurotransmitter in microglial activation. J Neuroinflammation 2019;16:266.

94. Dhandapani KM, Brann DW. Transforming growth factor-beta: a neuroprotective factor in cerebral ischemia. Cell Biochem Biophys 2003;39:13-22.

95. Eeckhout Avd. Studien über die hypnotische Wirkung in der Vaïerian-süuregruppe. Arc Exp Path Pharmak 1907;57:338-57.

96. Kawasaki S, Abe N, Ohtake F, Islam A, Choudhury ME, et al. Effects of hypnotic bromovalerylurea on microglial BV2 cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2017;134:116-23.

97. Kikuchi S, Nishihara T, Kawasaki S, Abe N, Kuwabara J, et al. The ameliorative effects of a hypnotic bromvalerylurea in sepsis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015;459:319-26.

98. Tanaka T, Murakami K, Bando Y, Yoshida S. Interferon regulatory factor 7 participates in the M1-like microglial polarization switch. Glia 2015;63:595-610.

99. Gyorffy BA, Kun J, Torok G, Bulyaki E, Borhegyi Z, et al. Local apoptotic-like mechanisms underlie complement-mediated synaptic pruning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018;115:6303-8.

100. Nakatsuka H, Ohta S, Tanaka J, Toku K, Kumon Y, et al. Cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytosol was suppressed in the ischemia-tolerance-induced hippocampal CA1 region after 5-min forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Neurosci Lett 2000;278:53-6.

101. Nakatsuka H, Ohta S, Tanaka J, Toku K, Kumon Y, et al. Histochemical cytochrome c oxidase activity and caspase-3 in gerbil hippocampal CA1 neurons after transient forebrain ischemia. Neurosci Lett 2000;285:127-30.

102. Wen TC, Tanaka J, Peng H, Desaki J, Matsuda S, et al. Interleukin 3 prevents delayed neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 field. J Exp Med 1998;188:635-49.

103. Schabitz WR, Kruger C, Pitzer C, Weber D, Laage R, et al. A neuroprotective function for the hematopoietic protein granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2008;28:29-43.

104. Fujita H, Tanaka J, Toku K, Tateishi N, Suzuki Y, et al. Effects of GM-CSF and ordinary supplements on the ramification of microglia in culture: a morphometrical study. Glia 1996;18:269-81.

105. Zhang B, Hata R, Zhu P, Sato K, Wen TC, et al. Prevention of ischemic neuronal death by intravenous infusion of a ginseng saponin, ginsenoside Rb(1), that upregulates Bcl-x(L) expression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2006;26:708-21.

106. Sakanaka M, Zhu P, Zhang B, Wen TC, Cao F, et al. Intravenous infusion of dihydroginsenoside Rb1 prevents compressive spinal cord injury and ischemic brain damage through upregulation of VEGF and Bcl-XL. J Neurotrauma 2007;24:1037-54.

107. Li DW, Zhou FZ, Sun XC, Li SC, Yang JB, et al. Ginsenoside Rb1 protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammatory injury induced by intranigral lipopolysaccharide injection. Neural Regen Res 2019;14:1814-22.

108. Gao XQ, Du ZR, Yuan LJ, Zhang WD, Chen L, et al. Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts anti-inflammatory effects via G protein-coupled estrogen receptor in lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation. Front Neurosci 2019;13:1168.

Neuroimmunology and Neuroinflammation
ISSN 2349-6142 (Online) 2347-8659 (Print)

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/

Portico

All published articles are preserved here permanently:

https://www.portico.org/publishers/oae/