fig2

Figure 2. Activated microglia has two activation phenotypes: classically activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2). M1 microglia is considered as pro-inflammatory, activated by LPS which produces pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative metabolites such as IL-1β, TNF, IL-6 and nitric oxide. M2 microglia contributes to recovery after brain injury activated by IL-4 and express anti-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10, IL-4, TGFβ. LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IL: interleukin; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TGF: transforming growth factor