fig2

Figure 2. Flowchart for approaching the recognition of encephalitis related to neuronal surface antibody syndrome (NSAS) in children [modified from Zuliani et al.^[1] 2012 and Suleiman et al.^[8] 2013]. NSAbs: neuronal surface antibodies; CSF: cerebrospinal fluid; CXCL13: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; *: in NMDA-R encephalitis; GAD-Abs: antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase; *: GAD positivity is defined as > 1,000 u/mL.^[8] OCB: oligoclonal bands; IvMP: intravenous methylprednisolone; IvIg: intravenous immunoglobulin; PE: plasma exchange; RTX: Rituximab; Cyc: cyclophosphamide; MMF: mycophenolate mophetil