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![Neuronal toll-like receptors and neuro-immunity in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and stroke](https://image.oaes.cc/89826802-871c-4ee1-b08c-9877b7265eb7/1273.fig.2.png)
Figure 2. Different pathogens activate different TLRs. TLRs signal through two different pathways using myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon β, leading to activation of NF-kB and IRF respectively NF-kB leads to DNA transcription and cytokine production, while IRF leads to interferon production. TLRs: toll like receptors; NF-kB: nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; IRF: interferon regulatory factor