REFERENCES
1. Miller AH, Manji HK. On redefining the role of the immune system in psychiatric disease. Biol Psychiatry 2006;60:796-8.
2. Najjar S, Pearlman DM, Alper K, Najjar A, Devinsky O. Neuroinflammation and psychiatric illness. J Neuroinflammation 2013;10:43.
3. Rosenblat JD, Cha DS, Mansur RB, McIntyre RS. Inflamed moods: a review of the interactions between inflammation and mood disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014;53:23-34.
4. Cavanagh J, Mathias C. Inflammation and its relevance to psychiatry. Adv Psychiatr Treat 2008;14:248-55.
5. Yirmiya R. Depression in medical illness: the role of the immune system. West J Med 2000;173:333-6.
6. Kent S, Bluthe RM, Kelley KW, Dantzer R. Sickness behavior as a new target for drug development. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1992;13:24-8.
7. Dantzer R. Cytokine-induced sickness behavior: mechanisms and implications. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2001;933:222-34.
8. Dantzer R, O'Connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW. From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008;9:46-56.
9. Janssen HL, Brouwer JT, van der Mast RC, Schalm SW. Suicide associated with alfa-interferon therapy for chronic viral hepatitis. J Hepatol 1994;21:241-3.
10. Valentine AD, Meyers CA, Kling MA, Richelson E, Hauser P. Mood and cognitive side effects of interferon-alpha therapy. Semin Oncol 1998;25:39-47.
11. Hoyo-Becerra C, Schlaak JF, Hermann DM. Insights from interferon-alpha-related depression for the pathogenesis of depression associated with inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2014;42:222-31.
12. Schaefer M, Engelbrecht MA, Gut O, Fiebich BL, Bauer J, Schmidt F, Grunze H, Lieb K. Interferon alpha (IFNalpha) and psychiatric syndromes: a review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002;26:731-46.
13. Reichenberg A, Yirmiya R, Schuld A, Kraus T, Haack M, Morag A, Pollmacher T. Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2001;58:445-52.
14. Maes M. Evidence for an immune response in major depression: a review and hypothesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995;19:11-38.
15. Danner M, Kasl SV, Abramson JL, Vaccarino V. Association between depression and elevated C-reactive protein. Psychosom Med 2003;65:347-56.
16. Ford DE, Erlinger TP. Depression and C-reactive protein in US adults: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1010-4.
17. Kuo HK, Yen CJ, Chang CH, Kuo CK, Chen JH, Sorond F. Relation of C-reactive protein to stroke, cognitive disorders, and depression in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 2005;4:371-80.
18. Levine J, Barak Y, Chengappa KN, Rapoport A, Rebey M, Barak V. Cerebrospinal cytokine levels in patients with acute depression. Neuropsychobiology 1999;40:171-6.
19. Maes M. Major depression and activation of the inflammatory response system. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999;461:25-46.
20. Owen BM, Eccleston D, Ferrier IN, Young AH. Raised levels of plasma interleukin-1beta in major and postviral depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2001;103:226-8.
21. Frick LR, Williams K, Pittenger C. Microglial dysregulation in psychiatric disease. Clin Dev Immunol 2013;2013:608654.
22. Steiner J, Bogerts B, Sarnyai Z, Walter M, Gos T, Bernstein HG, Myint AM. Bridging the gap between the immune and glutamate hypotheses of schizophrenia and major depression: Potential role of glial NMDA receptor modulators and impaired blood-brain barrier integrity. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012;13:482-92.
23. Tham MW, Woon PS, Sum MY, Lee TS, Sim K. White matter abnormalities in major depression: evidence from post-mortem, neuroimaging and genetic studies. J Affect Disord 2011;132:26-36.
24. Black CN, Bot M, Scheffer PG, Cuijpers P, Penninx BW. Is depression associated with increased oxidative stress? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015;51:164-75.
25. Leonard B, Maes M. Mechanistic explanations how cell-mediated immune activation, inflammation and oxidative and nitrosative stress pathways and their sequels and concomitants play a role in the pathophysiology of unipolar depression. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012;36:764-85.
26. Lopresti AL, Maker GL, Hood SD, Drummond PD. A review of peripheral biomarkers in major depression: the potential of inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014;48:102-11.
27. Michel TM, Pulschen D, Thome J. The role of oxidative stress in depressive disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2012;18:5890-9.
28. Beumer W, Gibney SM, Drexhage RC, Pont-Lezica L, Doorduin J, Klein HC, Steiner J, Connor TJ, Harkin A, Versnel MA, Drexhage HA. The immune theory of psychiatric diseases: a key role for activated microglia and circulating monocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2012;92:959-75.
29. Roman A, Kreiner G, Nalepa I. Macrophages and depression - a misalliance or well-arranged marriage? Pharmacol Rep 2013;65:1663-72.
31. Bazinet RP, Laye S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014;15:771-85.
32. Lieb J, Karmali R, Horrobin D. Elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 and thromboxane B2 in depression. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1983;10:361-7.
33. Muller N, Myint AM, Schwarz MJ. The impact of neuroimmune dysregulation on neuroprotection and neurotoxicity in psychiatric disorders--relation to drug treatment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2009;11:319-32.
34. Muller N, Myint AM, Schwarz MJ. Inflammatory biomarkers and depression. Neurotox Res 2011;19:308-18.
35. Nishino S, Ueno R, Ohishi K, Sakai T, Hayaishi O. Salivary prostaglandin concentrations: possible state indicators for major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:365-8.
36. Berk M, Williams LJ, Jacka FN, O'Neil A, Pasco JA, Moylan S, Allen NB, Stuart AL, Hayley AC, Byrne ML, Maes M. So depression is an inflammatory disease, but where does the inflammation come from? BMC Med 2013;11:200.
37. Leonard BE. The immune system, depression and the action of antidepressants. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001;25:767-80.
38. Maes M. Depression is an inflammatory disease, but cell-mediated immune activation is the key component of depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2011;35:664-75.
39. Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends Immunol 2006;27:24-31.
40. Sperner-Unterweger B, Kohl C, Fuchs D. Immune changes and neurotransmitters: possible interactions in depression? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014;48:268-76.
41. Goldstein BI, Kemp DE, Soczynska JK, McIntyre RS. Inflammation and the phenomenology, pathophysiology, comorbidity, and treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:1078-90.
42. Basanth KK, Jacob R, Jacob KS. Mania associated with interferon alpha2b treatment. J Postgrad Med 2006;52:207-9.
43. Greenberg DB, Jonasch E, Gadd MA, Ryan BF, Everett JR, Sober AJ, Mihm MA, Tanabe KK, Ott M, Haluska FG. Adjuvant therapy of melanoma with interferon-alpha-2b is associated with mania and bipolar syndromes. Cancer 2000;89:356-62.
44. Mazzone L, Mugno D. Hypomanic mood in a child patient treated with interferon-alpha 2a: case report. Brain Dev 2007;29:666-9.
45. Strite D, Valentine AD, Meyers CA. Manic episodes in two patients treated with interferon alpha. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1997;9:273-6.
46. Constant A, Castera L, Dantzer R, Couzigou P, de Ledinghen V, Demotes-Mainard J, Henry C. Mood alterations during interferon-alfa therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C: evidence for an overlap between manic/hypomanic and depressive symptoms. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:1050-7.
47. Dell'Osso L, Pini S, Maggi L, Rucci P, Del Debbio A, Carlini M, Baldini A, Ferrari G, Manca E, Beverini E, Amore M, Scarallo V, Semeraro Q, Brunetto M, Bonino F, Maj M. Subthreshold mania as predictor of depression during interferon treatment in HCV+ patients without current or lifetime psychiatric disorders. J Psychosom Res 2007;62:349-55.
48. Kilbourne AM, Cornelius JR, Han X, Pincus HA, Shad M, Salloum I, Conigliaro J, Haas GL. Burden of general medical conditions among individuals with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2004;6:368-73.
50. Sharma AN, Bauer IE, Sanches M, Galvez JF, Zunta-Soares GB, Quevedo J, Kapczinski F, Soares JC. Common biological mechanisms between bipolar disorder and type 2 diabetes: Focus on inflammation. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014;54:289-98.
51. Leboyer M, Soreca I, Scott J, Frye M, Henry C, Tamouza R, Kupfer DJ. Can bipolar disorder be viewed as a multi-system inflammatory disease? J Affect Disord 2012;141:1-10.
52. Anderson G, Maes M. Bipolar disorder: role of immune-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative and nitrosative stress and tryptophan catabolites. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2015;17:8.
53. Andreazza AC, Kauer-Sant'anna M, Frey BN, Bond DJ, Kapczinski F, Young LT, Yatham LN. Oxidative stress markers in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2008;111:135-44.
54. Bai YM, Su TP, Li CT, Tsai SJ, Chen MH, Tu PC, Chiou WF. Comparison of pro-inflammatory cytokines among patients with bipolar disorder and unipolar depression and normal controls. Bipolar Disord 2015;17:269-77.
55. Barbosa IG, Nogueira CR, Rocha NP, Queiroz AL, Vago JP, Tavares LP, Assis F, Fagundes CT, Huguet RB, Bauer ME, Teixeira AL, de Sousa LP. Altered intracellular signaling cascades in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from BD patients. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47:1949-54.
56. Barbosa IG, Rocha NP, Bauer ME, de Miranda AS, Huguet RB, Reis HJ, Zunszain PA, Horowitz MA, Pariante CM, Teixeira AL. Chemokines in bipolar disorder: trait or state? Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2013;263:159-65.
57. Brambilla P, Bellani M, Isola M, Bergami A, Marinelli V, Dusi N, Rambaldelli G, Tansella M, Finardi AM, Martino G, Perlini C, Furlan R. Increased M1/decreased M2 signature and signs of Th1/Th2 shift in chronic patients with bipolar disorder, but not in those with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2014;4:e406.
58. Breunis MN, Kupka RW, Nolen WA, Suppes T, Denicoff KD, Leverich GS, Post RM, Drexhage HA. High numbers of circulating activated T cells and raised levels of serum IL-2 receptor in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2003;53:157-65.
59. Brietzke E, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Teixeira AL, Kapczinski F. Abnormalities in serum chemokine levels in euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2009;23:1079-82.
60. Brown NC, Andreazza AC, Young LT. An updated meta-analysis of oxidative stress markers in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Res 2014;218:61-8.
61. Chung KH, Huang SH, Wu JY, Chen PH, Hsu JL, Tsai SY. The link between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and orbitofrontal cortex in euthymic bipolar disorder. Neuropsychobiology 2013;68:168-73.
62. Drexhage RC, Hoogenboezem TH, Versnel MA, Berghout A, Nolen WA, Drexhage HA. The activation of monocyte and T cell networks in patients with bipolar disorder. Brain Behav Immun 2011;25:1206-13.
63. Huang TL, Lin FC. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar mania. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:370-2.
64. Padmos RC, Hillegers MH, Knijff EM, Vonk R, Bouvy A, Staal FJ, de Ridder D, Kupka RW, Nolen WA, Drexhage HA. A discriminating messenger RNA signature for bipolar disorder formed by an aberrant expression of inflammatory genes in monocytes. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65:395-407.
65. Rao JS, Harry GJ, Rapoport SI, Kim HW. Increased excitotoxicity and neuroinflammatory markers in postmortem frontal cortex from bipolar disorder patients. Mol Psychiatry 2010;15:384-92.
66. Stertz L, Magalhaes PV, Kapczinski F. Is bipolar disorder an inflammatory condition? The relevance of microglial activation. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2013;26:19-26.
67. Watkins CC, Sawa A, Pomper MG. Glia and immune cell signaling in bipolar disorder: insights from neuropharmacology and molecular imaging to clinical application. Transl Psychiatry 2014;4:e350.
68. Bai YM, Su TP, Tsai SJ, Wen-Fei C, Li CT, Pei-Chi T, Mu-Hong C. Comparison of inflammatory cytokine levels among type I/type II and manic/hypomanic/euthymic/depressive states of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2014;166:187-92.
69. Modabbernia A, Taslimi S, Brietzke E, Ashrafi M. Cytokine alterations in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of 30 studies. Biol Psychiatry 2013;74:15-25.
70. Munkholm K, Brauner JV, Kessing LV, Vinberg M. Cytokines in bipolar disorder vs. healthy control subjects: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47:1119-33.
71. Borsini A, Zunszain PA, Thuret S, Pariante CM. The role of inflammatory cytokines as key modulators of neurogenesis. Trends Neurosci 2015;38:145-57.
72. Kim YK, Jung HG, Myint AM, Kim H, Park SH. Imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2007;104:91-5.
73. Kim YK, Myint AM, Lee BH, Han CS, Lee SW, Leonard BE, Steinbusch HW. T-helper types 1, 2, and 3 cytokine interactions in symptomatic manic patients. Psychiatry Res 2004;129:267-72.
74. Soderlund J, Olsson SK, Samuelsson M, Walther-Jallow L, Johansson C, Erhardt S, Landen M, Engberg G. Elevation of cerebrospinal fluid interleukin-1ss in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2011;36:114-8.
75. Monfrim X, Gazal M, De Leon PB, Quevedo L, Souza LD, Jansen K, Oses JP, Pinheiro RT, Silva RA, Lara DR, Ghisleni G, Spessato B, Kaster MP. Immune dysfunction in bipolar disorder and suicide risk: is there an association between peripheral corticotropin-releasing hormone and interleukin-1beta? Bipolar Disord 2014;16:741-7.
76. Sani G, Tondo L, Koukopoulos A, Reginaldi D, Kotzalidis GD, Koukopoulos AE, Manfredi G, Mazzarini L, Pacchiarotti I, Simonetti A, Ambrosi E, Angeletti G, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Suicide in a large population of former psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;65:286-95.
77. Shim IH, Woo YS, Bahk WM. Prevalence rates and clinical implications of bipolar disorder "with mixed features" as defined by DSM-5. J Affect Disord 2015;173:120-5.
78. Tsai SY, Chung KH, Wu JY, Kuo CJ, Lee HC, Huang SH. Inflammatory markers and their relationships with leptin and insulin from acute mania to full remission in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2012;136:110-6.
79. Brietzke E, Stertz L, Fernandes BS, Kauer-Sant'anna M, Mascarenhas M, Escosteguy Vargas A, Chies JA, Kapczinski F. Comparison of cytokine levels in depressed, manic and euthymic patients with bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2009;116:214-7.
80. Maes M, Bosmans E, Calabrese J, Smith R, Meltzer HY. Interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in schizophrenia and mania: effects of neuroleptics and mood stabilizers. J Psychiatr Res 1995;29:141-52.
81. O'Brien SM, Scully P, Scott LV, Dinan TG. Cytokine profiles in bipolar affective disorder: focus on acutely ill patients. J Affect Disord 2006;90:263-7.
82. Tsai SY, Yang YY, Kuo CJ, Chen CC, Leu SJ. Effects of symptomatic severity on elevation of plasma soluble interleukin-2 receptor in bipolar mania. J Affect Disord 2001;64:185-93.
83. Tsai SY, Lee CH, Huang SH, Chung KH, Chen PH. Soluble interleukin-6 receptor level reflecting the illness activity in bipolar disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2014;48:382-3.
84. Munkholm K, Vinberg M, Vedel Kessing L. Cytokines in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2013;144:16-27.
85. Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, Bond DJ, Lam RW, Young LT, Yatham LN. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammatory markers in patients with early- vs. late-stage bipolar disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009;12:447-58.
86. Guloksuz S, Cetin EA, Cetin T, Deniz G, Oral ET, Nutt DJ. Cytokine levels in euthymic bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 2010;126:458-62.
87. Jia D, Gao GD, Liu Y, He SM, Zhang XN, Zhang YF, Zhao MG. TNF-alpha involves in altered prefrontal synaptic transmission in mice with persistent inflammatory pain. Neurosci Lett 2007;415:1-5.
88. Barzman D, Eliassen J, McNamara R, Abonia P, Mossman D, Durling M, Adler C, DelBello M, Lin PI. Correlations of inflammatory gene pathways, corticolimbic functional activities, and aggression in pediatric bipolar disorder: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 2014;224:107-11.
89. Barbosa IG, Rocha NP, Huguet RB, Ferreira RA, Salgado JV, Carvalho LA, Pariante CM, Teixeira AL. Executive dysfunction in euthymic bipolar disorder patients and its association with plasma biomarkers. J Affect Disord 2012;137:151-5.
90. Ryan KA, Vederman AC, McFadden EM, Weldon AL, Kamali M, Langenecker SA, McInnis MG. Differential executive functioning performance by phase of bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012;14:527-36.
91. Barbosa IG, Huguet RB, Mendonca VA, Sousa LP, Neves FS, Bauer ME, Teixeira AL. Increased plasma levels of soluble TNF receptor I in patients with bipolar disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;261:139-43.
92. Hope S, Dieset I, Agartz I, Steen NE, Ueland T, Melle I, Aukrust P, Andreassen OA. Affective symptoms are associated with markers of inflammation and immune activation in bipolar disorders but not in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2011;45:1608-16.
93. Hope S, Ueland T, Steen NE, Dieset I, Lorentzen S, Berg AO, Agartz I, Aukrust P, Andreassen OA. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 are associated with general severity and psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2013;145:36-42.
94. Park KM, Bowers WJ. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mediated signaling in neuronal homeostasis and dysfunction. Cell Signal 2010;22:977-83.
96. Brietzke E, Kapczinski F. TNF-alpha as a molecular target in bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008;32:1355-61.
97. Doganavsargil-Baysal O, Cinemre B, Aksoy UM, Akbas H, Metin O, Fettahoglu C, Gokmen Z, Davran F. Levels of TNF-alpha, soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR1, sTNFR2), and cognition in bipolar disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol 2013;28:160-7.
98. D'Mello C, Le T, Swain MG. Cerebral microglia recruit monocytes into the brain in response to tumor necrosis factoralpha signaling during peripheral organ inflammation. J Neurosci 2009;29:2089-102.
99. Saijo K, Glass CK. Microglial cell origin and phenotypes in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2011;11:775-87.
100. Tsai SY, Chung KH, Huang SH, Chen PH, Lee HC, Kuo CJ. Persistent inflammation and its relationship to leptin and insulin in phases of bipolar disorder from acute depression to full remission. Bipolar Disord 2014;16:800-8.
101. Cunha AB, Andreazza AC, Gomes FA, Frey BN, da Silveira LE, Goncalves CA, Kapczinski F. Investigation of serum high-sensitive C-reactive protein levels across all mood states in bipolar disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008;258:300-4.
102. Dickerson F, Stallings C, Origoni A, Boronow J, Yolken R. Elevated serum levels of C-reactive protein are associated with mania symptoms in outpatients with bipolar disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:952-5.
103. Lee SY, Chen SL, Chang YH, Chen PS, Huang SY, Tzeng NS, Wang YS, Wang LJ, Lee IH, Wang TY, Yeh TL, Yang YK, Hong JS, Lu RB. Inflammation's Association with Metabolic Profiles before and after a Twelve-Week Clinical Trial in Drug-Naive Patients with Bipolar II Disorder. PLoS One 2013;8:e66847.
104. Wadee AA, Kuschke RH, Wood LA, Berk M, Ichim L, Maes M. Serological observations in patients suffering from acute manic episodes. Hum Psychopharmacol 2002;17:175-9.
105. Liu HC, Yang YY, Chou YM, Chen KP, Shen WW, Leu SJ. Immunologic variables in acute mania of bipolar disorder. J Neuroimmunol 2004;150:116-22.
106. Tsai SY, Chen KP, Yang YY, Chen CC, Lee JC, Singh VK, Leu SJ. Activation of indices of cell-mediated immunity in bipolar mania. Biol Psychiatry 1999;45:989-94.
107. Barbosa IG, Rocha NP, Assis F, Vieira EL, Soares JC, Bauer ME, Teixeira AL. Monocyte and lymphocyte activation in bipolar disorder: a new piece in the puzzle of immune dysfunction in mood disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014;18:pii:pyu021. doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyu021.
108. Haarman BC, Riemersma-Van der Lek RF, Burger H, Netkova M, Drexhage RC, Bootsman F, Mesman E, Hillegers MH, Spijker AT, Hoencamp E, Drexhage HA, Nolen WA. Relationship between clinical features and inflammation-related monocyte gene expression in bipolar disorder - towards a better understanding of psychoimmunological interactions. Bipolar Disord 2014;16:137-50.
109. Cassidy F, Wilson WH, Carroll BJ. Leukocytosis and hypoalbuminemia in mixed bipolar states: evidence for immune activation. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;105:60-4.
110. Mahadik SP, Evans D, Lal H. Oxidative stress and role of antioxidant and omega-3 essential fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2001;25:463-93.
111. Gergerlioglu HS, Savas HA, Bulbul F, Selek S, Uz E, Yumru M. Changes in nitric oxide level and superoxide dismutase activity during antimanic treatment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2007;31:697-702.
112. Savas HA, Gergerlioglu HS, Armutcu F, Herken H, Yilmaz HR, Kocoglu E, Selek S, Tutkun H, Zoroglu SS, Akyol O. Elevated serum nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase in euthymic bipolar patients: impact of past episodes. World J Biol Psychiatry 2006;7:51-5.
113. Kapczinski F, Dal-Pizzol F, Teixeira AL, Magalhaes PV, Kauer-Sant'Anna M, Klamt F, Moreira JC, de Bittencourt Pasquali MA, Fries GR, Quevedo J, Gama CS, Post R. Peripheral biomarkers and illness activity in bipolar disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2011;45:156-61.
114. Tsai MC, Huang TL. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) is a state biomarker of oxidative stress in bipolar patients in a manic phase. J Affect Disord 2015;173:22-6.
115. Kunz M, Gama CS, Andreazza AC, Salvador M, Cereser KM, Gomes FA, Belmonte-de-Abreu PS, Berk M, Kapczinski F. Elevated serum superoxide dismutase and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in different phases of bipolar disorder and in schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008;32:1677-81.
116. Machado-Vieira R, Andreazza AC, Viale CI, Zanatto V, Cereser V Jr, da Silva Vargas R, Kapczinski F, Portela LV, Souza DO, Salvador M, Gentil V. Oxidative stress parameters in unmedicated and treated bipolar subjects during initial manic episode: a possible role for lithium antioxidant effects. Neurosci Lett 2007;421:33-6.
117. Ricciotti E, FitzGerald GA. Prostaglandins and inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011;31:986-1000.
118. Kim HW, Rapoport SI, Rao JS. Altered arachidonic acid cascade enzymes in postmortem brain from bipolar disorder patients. Mol Psychiatry 2011;16:419-28.
119. Rao JS, Keleshian VL, Klein S, Rapoport SI. Epigenetic modifications in frontal cortex from Alzheimer's disease and bipolar disorder patients. Transl Psychiatry 2012;2:e132.
120. Moolwaney AS, Igwe OJ. Regulation of the cyclooxygenase-2 system by interleukin-1beta through mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways: a comparative study of human neuroglioma and neuroblastoma cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2005;137:202-12.
121. Munhoz CD, Garcia-Bueno B, Madrigal JL, Lepsch LB, Scavone C, Leza JC. Stress-induced neuroinflammation: mechanisms and new pharmacological targets. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008;41:1037-46.
122. Lee HJ, Ertley RN, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP, Rao JS. Chronic administration of lamotrigine downregulates COX-2 mRNA and protein in rat frontal cortex. Neurochem Res 2008;33:861-6.
123. Rao JS, Bazinet RP, Rapoport SI, Lee HJ. Chronic treatment of rats with sodium valproate downregulates frontal cortex NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and COX-2 mRNA. Bipolar Disord 2007;9:513-20.
124. Lee HJ, Rao JS, Chang L, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP. Chronic lamotrigine does not alter the turnover of arachidonic acid within brain phospholipids of the unanesthetized rat: implications for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007;193:467-74.
125. Basselin M, Kim HW, Chen M, Ma K, Rapoport SI, Murphy RC, Farias SE. Lithium modifies brain arachidonic and docosahexaenoic metabolism in rat lipopolysaccharide model of neuroinflammation. J Lipid Res 2010;51:1049-56.
126. Bazinet RP, Weis MT, Rapoport SI, Rosenberger TA. Valproic acid selectively inhibits conversion of arachidonic acid to arachidonoyl-CoA by brain microsomal long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetases: relevance to bipolar disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006;184:122-9.
127. Bazinet RP. Is the brain arachidonic acid cascade a common target of drugs used to manage bipolar disorder? Biochem Soc Trans 2009;37:1104-9.
128. Chang MC, Grange E, Rabin O, Bell JM, Allen DD, Rapoport SI. Lithium decreases turnover of arachidonate in several brain phospholipids. Neurosci Lett 1996;220:171-4.
129. Cheon Y, Park JY, Modi HR, Kim HW, Lee HJ, Chang L, Rao JS, Rapoport SI. Chronic olanzapine treatment decreases arachidonic acid turnover and prostaglandin E(2) concentration in rat brain. J Neurochem 2011;119:364-76.
130. Ghelardoni S, Tomita YA, Bell JM, Rapoport SI, Bosetti F. Chronic carbamazepine selectively downregulates cytosolic phospholipase A2 expression and cyclooxygenase activity in rat brain. Biol Psychiatry 2004;56:248-54.
131. Kim HW, Cheon Y, Modi HR, Rapoport SI, Rao JS. Effects of chronic clozapine administration on markers of arachidonic acid cascade and synaptic integrity in rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012;222:663-74.
132. Modi HR, Taha AY, Kim HW, Chang L, Rapoport SI, Cheon Y. Chronic clozapine reduces rat brain arachidonic acid metabolism by reducing plasma arachidonic acid availability. J Neurochem 2013;124:376-87.
133. Rao JS, Lee HJ, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP. Mode of action of mood stabilizers: is the arachidonic acid cascade a common target? Mol Psychiatry 2008;13:585-96.
134. Rintala J, Seemann R, Chandrasekaran K, Rosenberger TA, Chang L, Contreras MA, Contreras MA, Rapoport SI, Chang MC. 85 kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2 is a target for chronic lithium in rat brain. Neuroreport 1999;10:3887-90.
135. Rapoport SI. Lithium and the Other Mood Stabilizers Effective in Bipolar Disorder Target the Rat Brain Arachidonic Acid Cascade. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014;18:459-67.
136. Basselin M, Chang L, Bell JM, Rapoport SI. Chronic lithium chloride administration to unanesthetized rats attenuates brain dopamine D2-like receptor-initiated signaling via arachidonic acid. Neuropsychopharmacology 2005;30:1064-75.
137. Basselin M, Chang L, Chen M, Bell JM, Rapoport SI. Chronic carbamazepine administration attenuates dopamine D2-like receptor-initiated signaling via arachidonic acid in rat brain. Neurochem Res 2008;33:1373-83.
138. Ramadan E, Basselin M, Taha AY, Cheon Y, Chang L, Chen M, Rapoport SI. Chronic valproate treatment blocks D2-like receptor-mediated brain signaling via arachidonic acid in rats. Neuropharmacology 2011;61:1256-64.
139. Lee HJ, Rao JS, Ertley RN, Chang L, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP. Chronic fluoxetine increases cytosolic phospholipase A(2) activity and arachidonic acid turnover in brain phospholipids of the unanesthetized rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007;190:103-15.
140. Lee HJ RJ, Chang L, Rapoport SI, Kim HW. Chronic imipramine but not bupropion increases arachidonic acid signaling in rat brain: is this related to 'switching' in bipolar disorder? Mol Psychiatry 2010;15:602-14.
141. Rao JS, Ertley RN, Lee HJ, Rapoport SI, Bazinet RP. Chronic fluoxetine upregulates activity, protein and mRNA levels of cytosolic phospholipase A2 in rat frontal cortex. Pharmacogenomics J 2006;6:413-20.
142. Boerlin HL, Gitlin MJ, Zoellner LA, Hammen CL. Bipolar depression and antidepressant-induced mania: a naturalistic study. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:374-9.
143. Ghaemi SN, Hsu DJ, Soldani F, Goodwin FK. Antidepressants in bipolar disorder: the case for caution. Bipolar Disord 2003;5:421-33.
144. Leverich GS, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, Suppes T, McElroy SL, Keck PE Jr, Kupka RW, Denicoff KD, Nolen WA, Grunze H, Martinez MI, Post RM. Risk of switch in mood polarity to hypomania or mania in patients with bipolar depression during acute and continuation trials of venlafaxine, sertraline, and bupropion as adjuncts to mood stabilizers. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:232-9.
145. Post RM, Altshuler LL, Leverich GS, Frye MA, Nolen WA, Kupka RW, Suppes T, McElroy S, Keck PE, Denicoff KD, Grunze H, Walden J, Kitchen CM, Mintz J. Mood switch in bipolar depression: comparison of adjunctive venlafaxine, bupropion and sertraline. Br J Psychiatry 2006;189:124-31.
146. Rapoport SI, Basselin M, Kim HW, Rao JS. Bipolar disorder and mechanisms of action of mood stabilizers. Brain Res Rev 2009;61:185-209.
147. Duncan RE, Bazinet RP. Brain arachidonic acid uptake and turnover: implications for signaling and bipolar disorder. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010;13:130-8.
148. Prinz M, Priller J. Microglia and brain macrophages in the molecular age: from origin to neuropsychiatric disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014;15:300-12.
149. Streit WJ, Mrak RE, Griffin WS. Microglia and neuroinflammation: a pathological perspective. J Neuroinflammation 2004;1:14.
150. Cotter DR, Pariante CM, Everall IP. Glial cell abnormalities in major psychiatric disorders: the evidence and implications. Brain Res Bull 2001;55:585-95.
151. Haarman BC, Riemersma-Van der Lek RF, de Groot JC, Ruhe HG, Klein HC, Zandstra TE, Burger H, Schoevers RA, de Vries EF, Drexhage HA, Nolen WA, Doorduin J. Neuroinflammation in bipolar disorder - A [(11)C]-(R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography study. Brain Behav Immun 2014;40:219-25.
152. Rajkowska G, Halaris A, Selemon LD. Reductions in neuronal and glial density characterize the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2001;49:741-52.
153. Rajkowska G. Postmortem studies in mood disorders indicate altered numbers of neurons and glial cells. Biol Psychiatry 2000;48:766-77.
154. Ongur D, Jensen JE, Prescot AP, Stork C, Lundy M, Cohen BM, Renshaw PF. Abnormal glutamatergic neurotransmission and neuronal-glial interactions in acute mania. Biol Psychiatry 2008;64:718-26.
155. Gao Y JM, Lei Z, Chaneb BL, Lingrel J, El-Mallakh RS. Glial-specific gene alterations associated with manic behaviors. Int J Bipolar Disord 2013;1:20.
156. El-Mallakh RS, El-Masri MA, Huff MO, Li XP, Decker S, Levy RS. Intracerebroventricular administration of ouabain as a model of mania in rats. Bipolar Disord 2003;5:362-5.
157. Juhaszova M, Blaustein MP. Na+ pump low and high ouabain affinity alpha subunit isoforms are differently distributed in cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997;94:1800-5.
158. Rose AM, Mellett BJ, Valdes R Jr, Kleinman JE, Herman MM, Li R, el-Mallakh RS. Alpha 2 isoform of the Na,K-adenosine triphosphatase is reduced in temporal cortex of bipolar individuals. Biol Psychiatry 1998;44:892-7.
159. Dowlati Y, Herrmann N, Swardfager W, Liu H, Sham L, Reim EK, Lanctot KL. A meta-analysis of cytokines in major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2010;67:446-57.
160. Howren MB, Lamkin DM, Suls J. Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2009;71:171-86.
161. Benazzi F. Reviewing the diagnostic validity and utility of mixed depression (depressive mixed states). Eur Psychiatry 2008;23:40-8.
162. Koukopoulos A, Koukopoulos A. Agitated depression as a mixed state and the problem of melancholia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1999;22:547-64.
163. Pacchiarotti I, Mazzarini L, Kotzalidis GD, Valenti M, Nivoli AM, Sani G, Torrent C, Murru A, Sanchez-Moreno J, Patrizi B, Girardi P, Vieta E, Colom F. Mania and depression. Mixed, not stirred. J Affect Disord 2011;133:105-13.
164. Hirschfeld RM. Bipolar depression: the real challenge. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2004;14 Suppl 2:S83-8.
165. Koukopoulos A, Ghaemi SN. The primacy of mania: a reconsideration of mood disorders. Eur Psychiatry 2009;24:125-34.
166. Koukopoulos A, Sani G. DSM-5 criteria for depression with mixed features: a farewell to mixed depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014;129:4-16.
167. Angst J, Cui L, Swendsen J, Rothen S, Cravchik A, Kessler RC, Merikangas KR. Major depressive disorder with subthreshold bipolarity in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167:1194-201.
168. Zimmermann P, Bruckl T, Nocon A, Pfister H, Lieb R, Wittchen HU, Holsboer F, Angst J. Heterogeneity of DSM-IV major depressive disorder as a consequence of subthreshold bipolarity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66:1341-52.
169. Boschloo L, Spijker AT, Hoencamp E, Kupka R, Nolen WA, Schoevers RA, Penninx BW. Predictors of the onset of manic symptoms and a (hypo)manic episode in patients with major depressive disorder. PLoS One 2014;9:e106871.
170. Becking K, Boschloo L, Vogelzangs N, Haarman BC, Riemersma-van der Lek R, Penninx BW, Schoevers RA. The association between immune activation and manic symptoms in patients with a depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2013;3:e314.
171. Akiskal HS, Benazzi F, Perugi G, Rihmer Z. Agitated "unipolar" depression re-conceptualized as a depressive mixed state: implications for the antidepressant-suicide controversy. J Affect Disord 2005;85:245-58.
172. Angst J, Gamma A, Benazzi F, Ajdacic V, Eich D, Rossler W. Toward a re-definition of subthreshold bipolarity: epidemiology and proposed criteria for bipolar-II, minor bipolar disorders and hypomania. J Affect Disord 2003;73:133-46.
173. Eller T, Vasar V, Shlik J, Maron E. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and treatment response to escitalopram in major depressive disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008;32:445-50.
174. Ghaemi SN, Rosenquist KJ, Ko JY, Baldassano CF, Kontos NJ, Baldessarini RJ. Antidepressant treatment in bipolar versus unipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:163-5.
175. Lanquillon S, Krieg JC, Bening-Abu-Shach U, Vedder H. Cytokine production and treatment response in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2000;22:370-9.
176. Rihmer Z, Gonda X. Antidepressant-resistant depression and antidepressant-associated suicidal behaviour: the role of underlying bipolarity. Depress Res Treat 2011;2011:906462.
177. Iwanami T, Maeshima H, Baba H, Satomura E, Namekawa Y, Shimano T, Suzuki T, Arai H. Psychomotor agitation in major depressive disorder is a predictive factor of mood-switching. J Affect Disord 2015;170:185-9.
178. Ortiz-Dominguez A, Hernandez ME, Berlanga C, Gutierrez-Mora D, Moreno J, Heinze G, Pavon L. Immune variations in bipolar disorder: phasic differences. Bipolar Disord 2007;9:596-602.
179. Andreazza AC, Cassini C, Rosa AR, Leite MC, de Almeida LM, Nardin P, Cunha AB, Cereser KM, Santin A, Gottfried C, Salvador M, Kapczinski F, Goncalves CA. Serum S100B and antioxidant enzymes in bipolar patients. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41:523-9.
180. Skjelstad DV, Malt UF, Holte A. Symptoms and signs of the initial prodrome of bipolar disorder: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 2010;126:1-13.
181. Egeland JA, Hostetter AM, Pauls DL, Sussex JN. Prodromal symptoms before onset of manic-depressive disorder suggested by first hospital admission histories. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;39:1245-52.
182. Duffy A, Horrocks J, Doucette S, Keown-Stoneman C, McCloskey S, Grof P. Childhood anxiety: an early predictor of mood disorders in offspring of bipolar parents. J Affect Disord 2013;150:363-9.
183. Mills NT, Scott JG, Wray NR, Cohen-Woods S, Baune BT. Research review: the role of cytokines in depression in adolescents: a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013;54:816-35.
184. Walker AJ, Kim Y, Price JB, Kale RP, McGillivray JA, Berk M, Tye SJ. Stress, Inflammation, and Cellular Vulnerability during Early Stages of Affective Disorders: Biomarker Strategies and Opportunities for Prevention and Intervention. Front Psychiatry 2014;5:34.
185. Mesman E, Hillegers MH, Ambree O, Arolt V, Nolen WA, Drexhage HA. Monocyte activation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and S100B in bipolar offspring: a follow-up study from adolescence into adulthood. Bipolar Disord 2015;17:39-49.
186. Chaudron LH, Pies RW. The relationship between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder: a review. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:1284-92.
187. Sit D, Rothschild AJ, Wisner KL. A review of postpartum psychosis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2006;15:352-68.
189. Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lima F, Alves J, Khamashta MA, Simpson J, Hughes GR, Buchanan NM. Increased rate of lupus flare during pregnancy and the puerperium: a prospective study of 78 pregnancies. Br J Rheumatol 1996;35:133-8.
190. Bergink V, Burgerhout KM, Weigelt K, Pop VJ, de Wit H, Drexhage RC, Kushner SA, Drexhage HA. Immune system dysregulation in first-onset postpartum psychosis. Biol Psychiatry 2013;73:1000-7.
191. Chiu CT, Wang Z, Hunsberger JG, Chuang DM. Therapeutic potential of mood stabilizers lithium and valproic acid: beyond bipolar disorder. Pharmacol Rev 2013;65:105-42.
193. Quiroz JA, Machado-Vieira R, Zarate CA Jr, Manji HK. Novel insights into lithium's mechanism of action: neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects. Neuropsychobiology 2010;62:50-60.
194. Albayrak A, Halici Z, Polat B, Karakus E, Cadirci E, Bayir Y, Kunak S, Karcioglu SS, Yigit S, Unal D, Atamanalp SS. Protective effects of lithium: a new look at an old drug with potential antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in an animal model of sepsis. Int Immunopharmacol 2013;16:35-40.
195. Bosetti F, Rintala J, Seemann R, Rosenberger TA, Contreras MA, Rapoport SI, Chang MC. Chronic lithium downregulates cyclooxygenase-2 activity and prostaglandin E(2) concentration in rat brain. Mol Psychiatry 2002;7:845-50.
196. Chang MC, Jones CR. Chronic lithium treatment decreases brain phospholipase A2 activity. Neurochem Res 1998;23:887-92.
197. Dong H, Zhang X, Dai X, Lu S, Gui B, Jin W, Zhang S, Zhang S, Qian Y. Lithium ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced microglial activation via inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 expression by activating the PI3K/Akt/FoxO1 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2014;11:140.
198. Green HF, Nolan YM. GSK-3 mediates the release of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-10 from cortical glia. Neurochem Int 2012;61:666-71.
199. Nahman S, Belmaker RH, Azab AN. Effects of lithium on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in rat primary glia cells. Innate Immun 2012;18:447-58.
200. Boufidou F, Nikolaou C, Alevizos B, Liappas IA, Christodoulou GN. Cytokine production in bipolar affective disorder patients under lithium treatment. J Affect Disord 2004;82:309-13.
201. Rapaport MH, Manji HK. The effects of lithium on ex vivo cytokine production. Biol Psychiatry 2001;50:217-24.
202. Rapaport MH, Guylai L, Whybrow P. Immune parameters in rapid cycling bipolar patients before and after lithium treatment. J Psychiatr Res 1999;33:335-40.
203. Bosetti F, Weerasinghe GR, Rosenberger TA, Rapoport SI. Valproic acid down-regulates the conversion of arachidonic acid to eicosanoids via cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 in rat brain. J Neurochem 2003;85:690-6.
204. Himmerich H, Bartsch S, Hamer H, Mergl R, Schonherr J, Petersein C, Munzer A, Kirkby KC, Bauer K, Sack U. Impact of mood stabilizers and antiepileptic drugs on cytokine production in-vitro. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47:1751-9.
205. Himmerich H, Bartsch S, Hamer H, Mergl R, Schonherr J, Petersein C, Munzer A, Kirkby KC, Bauer K, Sack U. Modulation of cytokine production by drugs with antiepileptic or mood stabilizer properties in anti-CD3- and anti-Cd40-stimulated blood in vitro. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014;2014:806162.
206. Al-Amin MM, Nasir Uddin MM, Mahmud Reza H. Effects of antipsychotics on the inflammatory response system of patients with schizophrenia in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2013;11:144-51.
207. Bian Q, Kato T, Monji A, Hashioka S, Mizoguchi Y, Horikawa H, Kanba S. The effect of atypical antipsychotics, perospirone, ziprasidone and quetiapine on microglial activation induced by interferon-gamma. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008;32:42-8.
208. Chen ML, Wu S, Tsai TC, Wang LK, Tsai FM. Regulation of macrophage immune responses by antipsychotic drugs. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2013;35:573-80.
209. de Witte L, Tomasik J, Schwarz E, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Kahn RS, Bahn S. Cytokine alterations in first-episode schizophrenia patients before and after antipsychotic treatment. Schizophr Res 2014;154:23-9.
210. Hu X, Zhou H, Zhang D, Yang S, Qian L, Wu HM, Chen PS, Wilson B, Gao HM, Lu RB, Hong JS. Clozapine protects dopaminergic neurons from inflammation-induced damage by inhibiting microglial overactivation. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2012;7:187-201.
211. Kato T, Monji A, Hashioka S, Kanba S. Risperidone significantly inhibits interferon-gamma-induced microglial activation in vitro. Schizophr Res 2007;92:108-15.
212. Li H, Hong W, Zhang C, Wu Z, Wang Z, Yuan C, Li Z, Huang J, Lin Z, Fang Y. IL-23 and TGF-beta1 levels as potential predictive biomarkers in treatment of bipolar I disorder with acute manic episode. J Affect Disord 2015;174:361-6.
213. Maes M, Bosmans E, Kenis G, De Jong R, Smith RS, Meltzer HY. In vivo immunomodulatory effects of clozapine in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1997;26:221-5.
214. Maes M, Delange J, Ranjan R, Meltzer HY, Desnyder R, Cooremans W, Scharpe S. Acute phase proteins in schizophrenia, mania and major depression: modulation by psychotropic drugs. Psychiatry Res 1997;66:1-11.
215. Pollmacher T, Hinze-Selch D, Mullington J. Effects of clozapine on plasma cytokine and soluble cytokine receptor levels. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;16:403-9.
216. Roge R, Moller BK, Andersen CR, Correll CU, Nielsen J. Immunomodulatory effects of clozapine and their clinical implications: what have we learned so far? Schizophr Res 2012;140:204-13.
217. Zhang XY, Zhou DF, Shen YC, Zhang PY, Zhang WF, Liang J, Chen da C, Xiu MH, Kosten TA, Kosten TR. Effects of risperidone and haloperidol on superoxide dismutase and nitric oxide in schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2012;62:1928-34.
218. Ayorech Z, Tracy DK, Baumeister D, Giaroli G. Taking the fuel out of the fire: Evidence for the use of anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord 2015;174C:467-78.
219. Berk M, Dean O, Drexhage H, McNeil JJ, Moylan S, O'Neil A, Davey CG, Sanna L, Maes M. Aspirin: a review of its neurobiological properties and therapeutic potential for mental illness. BMC Med 2013;11:74.
220. Magalhaes PV, Dean OM, Bush AI, Copolov DL, Malhi GS, Kohlmann K, Jeavons S, Schapkaitz I, Anderson Hunt M, Berk M. A preliminary investigation on the efficacy of N acetyl cysteine for mania or hypomania. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2013;47:564 8.
221. McNamara RK, Lotrich FE. Elevated immune-inflammatory signaling in mood disorders: a new therapeutic target? Expert Rev Neurother 2012;12:1143-61.
222. Nery FG, Monkul ES, Hatch JP, Fonseca M, Zunta-Soares GB, Frey BN, Bowden CL, Soares JC. Celecoxib as an adjunct in the treatment of depressive or mixed episodes of bipolar disorder: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Hum Psychopharmacol 2008;23:87-94.
223. Begemann M, Sargin D, Rossner MJ, Bartels C, Theis F, Wichert SP, Stender N, Fischer B, Sperling S, Stawicki S, Wiedl A, Falkai P, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Episode-specific differential gene expression of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in rapid cycling supports novel treatment approaches. Mol Med 2008;14:546-52.
224. Guloksuz S, Altinbas K, Aktas Cetin E, Kenis G, Bilgic Gazioglu S, Deniz G, Oral ET, van Os J. Evidence for an association between tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and lithium response. J Affect Disord 2012;143:148-52.
225. Soczynska JK, Kennedy SH, Goldstein BI, Lachowski A, Woldeyohannes HO, McIntyre RS. The effect of tumor necrosis factor antagonists on mood and mental health-associated quality of life: novel hypothesis-driven treatments for bipolar depression? Neurotoxicology 2009;30:497-521.
226. Brietzke E, Scheinberg M, Lafer B. Therapeutic potential of interleukin-6 antagonism in bipolar disorder. Med Hypotheses 2011;76:21-3.
227. Franchini L, Zanardi R, Smeraldi E, Gasperini M. Early onset of lithium prophylaxis as a predictor of good long-term outcome. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 1999;249:227-30.
228. Kessing LV, Andersen PK, Mortensen PB. Predictors of recurrence in affective disorder. A case register study. J Affect Disord 1998;49:101-8.
229. Rosa AR, Magalhaes PV, Czepielewski L, Sulzbach MV, Goi PD, Vieta E, Gama CS, Kapczinski F. Clinical staging in bipolar disorder: focus on cognition and functioning. J Clin Psychiatry 2014;75:e450-6.
230. Roy-Byrne P, Post RM, Uhde TW, Porcu T, Davis D. The longitudinal course of recurrent affective illness: life chart data from research patients at the NIMH. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 1985;317:1-34.
231. Scott J, Paykel E, Morriss R, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Johnson T, Abbott R, Hayhurst H. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for severe and recurrent bipolar disorders: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2006;188:313-20.
232. Swann AC, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Dilsaver SC, Morris DD. Differential effect of number of previous episodes of affective disorder on response to lithium or divalproex in acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 1999;156:1264-6.
233. Berk M, Kapczinski F, Andreazza AC, Dean OM, Giorlando F, Maes M, Yucel M, Gama CS, Dodd S, Dean B, Magalhaes PV, Amminger P, McGorry P, Malhi GS. Pathways underlying neuroprogression in bipolar disorder: focus on inflammation, oxidative stress and neurotrophic factors. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2011;35:804-17.