REFERENCES
1. Wiebers DO, Piepgras DG, Brown RD Jr, Meissner I, Torner J, Kassell NF, Whisnant JP, Huston J 3rd, Nichols DA. Unruptured aneurysms. J Neurosurg 2002;96:50-1.
2. Rinkel GJ, Djibuti M, Algra A, van Gijn J. Prevalence and risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a systematic review. Stroke 1998;29:251-6.
3. UCAS Japan Investigators, Morita A, Kirino T, Hashi K, Aoki N, Fukuhara S, Hashimoto N, Nakayama T, Sakai M, Teramoto A, Tominari S, Yoshimoto T. The natural course of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in a Japanese cohort. N Engl J Med 2012;366:2474-82.
5. Greving JP, Wermer MJ, Brown RD Jr, Morita A, Juvela S, Yonekura M, Ishibashi T, Torner JC, Nakayama T, Rinkel GJ, Algra A. Development of the PHASES score for prediction of risk of rupture of intracranial aneurysms: a pooled analysis of six prospective cohort studies. Lancet Neurol 2014;13:59-66.
6. Chyatte D, Bruno G, Desai S, Todor DR. Inflammation and intracranial aneurysms. Neurosurgery 1999;45:1137-46.
7. Frösen J, Piippo A, Paetau A, Kangasniemi M, Niemelä M, Hernesniemi J, Jaaskelainen J. Remodeling of saccular cerebral artery aneurysm wall is associated with rupture: histological analysis of 24 unruptured and 42 ruptured cases. Stroke 2004;35:2287-93.
8. Jayaraman T, Berenstein V, Li X, Mayer J, Silane M, Shin YS, Niimi Y, Kilic T, Gunel M, Berenstein A. Tumor necrosis factor alpha is a key modulator of inflammation in cerebral aneurysms. Neurosurgery 2005;57:558-64.
9. Laaksamo E, Tulamo R, Liiman A, Baumann M, Friedlander RM, Hernesniemi J, Kangasniemi M, Niemela M, Laakso A, Frosen J. Oxidative stress is associated with cell death, wall degradation, and increased risk of rupture of the intracranial aneurysm wall. Neurosurgery 2013;72:109-17.
10. Tulamo R, Frösen J, Junnikkala S, Paetau A, Pitkäniemi J, Kangasniemi M, Niemela M, Jaaskelainen J, Jokitalo E, Karatas A, Hernesniemi J, Meri S. Complement activation associates with saccular cerebral artery aneurysm wall degeneration and rupture. Neurosurgery 2006;59:1069-76.
11. Hasan D, Chalouhi N, Jabbour P, Hashimoto T. Macrophage imbalance (M1 vs. M2) and upregulation of mast cells in wall of ruptured human cerebral aneurysms: preliminary results. J Neuroinflammation 2012;9:222.
12. Laaksamo E, Tulamo R, Baumann M, Dashti R, Hernesniemi J, Juvela S, Niemela M, Laakso A. Involvement of mitogenactivated protein kinase signaling in growth and rupture of human intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 2008;39:886-92.
13. Kataoka K, Taneda M, Asai T, Kinoshita A, Ito M, Kuroda R. Structural fragility and inflammatory response of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. A comparative study between ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Stroke 1999;30:1396-401.
14. Krischek B, Kasuya H, Tajima A, Akagawa H, Sasaki T, Yoneyama T, Ujiie H, Kubo O, Bonin M, Takakura K, Hori T, Inoue I. Networkbased gene expression analysis of intracranial aneurysm tissue reveals role of antigen presenting cells. Neuroscience 2008;154:1398-407.
15. Kurki MI, Häkkinen SK, Frösen J, Tulamo R, von und zu Fraunberg M, Wong G, Tromp G, Niemela M, Hernesniemi J, Jaaskelainen JE, YlaHerttuala S. Upregulated signaling pathways in ruptured human saccular intracranial aneurysm wall: an emerging regulative role of Tolllike receptor signaling and nuclear factor-kappaB, hypoxiainducible factor1A, and ETS transcription factors. Neurosurgery 2011;68:1667-75.
16. Shi C, Awad IA, Jafari N, Lin S, Du P, Hage ZA, Shenkar R, Getch CC, Bredel M, Batjer HH, Bendok BR. Genomics of human intracranial aneurysm wall. Stroke 2009;40:1252-61.
17. Li L, Yang X, Jiang F, Dusting GJ, Wu Z. Transcriptomewide characterization of gene expression associated with unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Eur Neurol 2009;62:330-7.
18. Peters DG, Kassam AB, Feingold E, Heidrich-O'Hare E, Yonas H, Ferrell RE, Brufsky A. Molecular anatomy of an intracranial aneurysm: coordinated expression of genes involved in wound healing and tissue remodeling. Stroke 2001;32:1036-42.
19. Inoue K, Mineharu Y, Inoue S, Yamada S, Matsuda F, Nozaki K, Takenaka K, Hashimoto N, Koizumi A. Search on chromosome 17 centromere reveals TNFRSF13B as a susceptibility gene for intracranial aneurysm: a preliminary study. Circulation 2006;113:2002-10.
20. Low SK, Zembutsu H, Takahashi A, Kamatani N, Cha PC, Hosono N, Kubo M, Matsuda K, Nakamura Y. Impact of LIMK1, MMP2 and TNF-α variations for intracranial aneurysm in Japanese population. J Hum Genet 2011;56:211-6.
21. Ruigrok YM, Rinkel GJ, Wijmenga C. The versican gene and the risk of intracranial aneurysms. Stroke 2006;37:2372-4.
22. Kataoka H, Aoki T. Molecular basis for the development of intracranial aneurysm. Expert Rev Neurother 2010;10:173-87.
23. Aoki T, Nishimura M. The development and the use of experimental animal models to study the underlying mechanisms of CA formation. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011;2011:535921.
24. Hashimoto N, Handa H, Hazama F. Experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms in rats. Surg Neurol 1978;10:3-8.
25. Morimoto M, Miyamoto S, Mizoguchi A, Kume N, Kita T, Hashimoto N. Mouse model of cerebral aneurysm: experimental induction by renal hypertension and local hemodynamic changes. Stroke 2002;33:1911-5.
26. Nuki Y, Tsou TL, Kurihara C, Kanematsu M, Kanematsu Y, Hashimoto T. Elastase-induced intracranial aneurysms in hypertensive mice. Hypertension 2009;54:1337-44.
27. Hosaka K, Downes DP, Nowicki KW, Hoh BL. Modified murine intracranial aneurysm model: aneurysm formation and rupture by elastase and hypertension. J Neurointerv Surg 2014;6:474-9.
28. Jou LD, Lee DH, Morsi H, Mawad ME. Wall shear stress on ruptured and unruptured intracranial aneurysms at the internal carotid artery. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:1761-7.
29. Takeuchi S, Karino T. Flow patterns and distributions of fluid velocity and wall shear stress in the human internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. World Neurosurg 2010;73:174-85.
30. Shojima M, Oshima M, Takagi K, Torii R, Hayakawa M, Katada K, Morita A, Kirino T. Magnitude and role of wall shear stress on cerebral aneurysm: computational fluid dynamic study of 20 middle cerebral artery aneurysms. Stroke 2004;35:2500-5.
31. Aoki T, Kataoka H, Ishibashi R, Nozaki K, Egashira K, Hashimoto N. Impact of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 deficiency on cerebral aneurysm formation. Stroke 2009;40:942-51.
32. Aoki T, Kataoka H, Morimoto M, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N. Macrophage-derived matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 promote the progression of cerebral aneurysms in rats. Stroke 2007;38:162-9.
33. Aoki T, Kataoka H, Shimamura M, Nakagami H, Wakayama K, Moriwaki T, Ishibashi R, Nozaki K, Morishita R, Hashimoto N. NF-kappaB is a key mediator of cerebral aneurysm formation. Circulation 2007;116:2830-40.
34. Aoki T, Nishimura M, Matsuoka T, Yamamoto K, Furuyashiki T, Kataoka H, Kitaoka S, Ishibashi R, Ishibazawa A, Miyamoto S, Morishita R, Ando J, Hashimoto N, Nozaki K, Narumiya S. PGE(2)-EP(2) signalling in endothelium is activated by haemodynamic stress and induces cerebral aneurysm through an amplifying loop via NFκB. Br J Pharmacol 2011;163:1237-49.
35. Kanematsu Y, Kanematsu M, Kurihara C, Tada Y, Tsou TL, van Rooijen N, Lawton MT, Young WL, Liang EI, Nuki Y, Hashimoto T. Critical roles of macrophages in the formation of intracranial aneurysm. Stroke 2011;42:173-8.
36. Fukuda S, Hashimoto N, Naritomi H, Nagata I, Nozaki K, Kondo S, Kurino M, Kikuchi H. Prevention of rat cerebral aneurysm formation by inhibition of nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 2000;101:2532-8.
37. Aoki T, Fukuda M, Nishimura M, Nozaki K, Narumiya S. Critical role of TNF-alpha-TNFR1 signaling in intracranial aneurysm formation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014;2:34.
38. Moriwaki T, Takagi Y, Sadamasa N, Aoki T, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N. Impaired progression of cerebral aneurysms in interleukin-1beta-deficient mice. Stroke 2006;37:900-5.
39. Sadamasa N, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N. Disruption of gene for inducible nitric oxide synthase reduces progression of cerebral aneurysms. Stroke 2003;34:2980-4.
40. Starke RM, Chalouhi N, Jabbour PM, Tjoumakaris SI, Gonzalez LF, Rosenwasser RH, Wada K, Shimada K, Hasan DM, Greig NH, Owens GK, Dumont AS. Critical role of TNF-α in cerebral aneurysm formation and progression to rupture. J Neuroinflammation 2014;11:77.
41. Yokoi T, Isono T, Saitoh M, Yoshimura Y, Nozaki K. Suppression of cerebral aneurysm formation in rats by a tumor necrosis factor-a inhibitor. J Neurosurg 2014;120:1193-200.
42. Hayden MS, Ghosh S. NFkappaB, the first quarter-century: remarkable progress and outstanding questions. Genes Dev 2012;26:203-34.
43. Aoki T, Nishimura M. Targeting chronic inflammation in cerebral aneurysms: focusing on NF-kappaB as a putative target of medical therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010;14:265-73.
44. Aoki T, Nishimura M, Kataoka H, Ishibashi R, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N. Reactive oxygen species modulate growth of cerebral aneurysms: a study using the free radical scavenger edaravone and p47phox(-/-) mice. Lab Invest 2009;89:730-41.
45. Aoki T, Narumiya S. Prostaglandins and chronic inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012;33:304-11.
46. Alfano JM, Kolega J, Natarajan SK, Xiang J, Paluch RA, Levy EI, Siddiqui AH, Meng H. Intracranial aneurysms occur more frequently at bifurcation sites that typically experience higher hemodynamic stresses. Neurosurgery 2013;73:497-505.
47. Metaxa E, Tremmel M, Natarajan SK, Xiang J, Paluch RA, Mandelbaum M, Siddiqui AH, Kolega J, Mocco J, Meng H. Characterization of critical hemodynamics contributing to aneurysmal remodeling at the basilar terminus in a rabbit model. Stroke 2010;41:1774-82.
48. Boussel L, Rayz V, McCulloch C, Martin A, Acevedo-Bolton G, Lawton M, Higashida R, Smith WS, Young WL, Saloner D. Aneurysm growth occurs at region of low wall shear stress: patient-specific correlation of hemodynamics and growth in a longitudinal study. Stroke 2008;39:2997-3002.
49. Tanoue T, Tateshima S, Villablanca JP, Viñuela F, Tanishita K. Wall shear stress distribution inside growing cerebral aneurysm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:1732-7.
50. Aoki T, Kataoka H, Ishibashi R, Nakagami H, Nozaki K, Morishita R, Hashimoto N. Pitavastatin suppresses formation and progression of cerebral aneurysms through inhibition of the nuclear factor kappaB pathway. Neurosurgery 2009;64:357-65.
51. Aoki T, Kataoka H, Ishibashi R, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N. Simvastatin suppresses the progression of experimentally induced cerebral aneurysms in rats. Stroke 2008;39:1276-85.
52. Aoki T, Kataoka H, Ishibashi R, Nozaki K, Hashimoto N. Nifedipine inhibits the progression of an experimentally induced cerebral aneurysm in rats with associated down-regulation of NF-kappa B transcriptional activity. Curr Neurovasc Res 2008;5:37-45.
53. Ishibashi R, Aoki T, Nishimura M, Hashimoto N, Miyamoto S. Contribution of mast cells to cerebral aneurysm formation. Curr Neurovasc Res 2010;7:113-24.
54. Ishibashi R, Aoki T, Nishimura M, Miyamoto S. Imidapril inhibits cerebral aneurysm formation in an angiotensin-converting enzyme-independent and matrix metalloproteinase-9-dependent manner. Neurosurgery 2012;70:722-30.
55. Kimura N, Shimizu H, Eldawoody H, Nakayama T, Saito A, Tominaga T, Takahashi A. Effect of olmesartan and pravastatin on experimental cerebral aneurysms in rats. Brain Res 2010;1322:144-52.
56. Tada Y, Kitazato KT, Tamura T, Yagi K, Shimada K, Kinouchi T, Satomi J, Nagahiro S. Role of mineralocorticoid receptor on experimental cerebral aneurysms in rats. Hypertension 2009;54:552-7.
57. Makino H, Tada Y, Wada K, Liang EI, Chang M, Mobashery S, Kanematsu Y, Kurihara C, Palova E, Kanematsu M, Kitazato K, Hashimoto T. Pharmacological stabilization of intracranial aneurysms in mice: a feasibility study. Stroke 2012;43:2450-6.
58. Yagi K, Tada Y, Kitazato KT, Tamura T, Satomi J, Nagahiro S. Ibudilast inhibits cerebral aneurysms by down-regulating inflammation-related molecules in the vascular wall of rats. Neurosurgery 2010;66:551-9.
59. Blum A, Shamburek R. The pleiotropic effects of statins on endothelial function, vascular inflammation, immunomodulation and thrombogenesis. Atherosclerosis 2009;203:325-30.
60. Shovman O, Levy Y, Gilburd B, Shoenfeld Y. Antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of statins. Immunol Res 2002;25:271-85.
61. Bellosta S, Bernini F, Ferri N, Quarato P, Canavesi M, Arnaboldi L, Fumagalli R, Paoletti R, Corsini A. Direct vascular effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Atherosclerosis 1998;137 Suppl:S101-9.
62. Matsumori A, Nunokawa Y, Sasayama S. Nifedipine inhibits activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. Life Sci 2000;67:2655-61.
63. Yamagishi S, Inagaki Y, Abe R, Kikuchi S, Sasaki N, Takeuchi M. Nifedipine inhibits apoptotic cell death of cultured endothelial cells induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2003;29:141-5.
64. Yamagishi S, Inagaki Y, Kikuchi S. Nifedipine inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 overexpression by blocking NADPH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species generation. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2003;29:147-52.
65. Krishnaswamy G, Ajitawi O, Chi DS. The human mast cell: an overview. Methods Mol Biol 2006;315:13-34.
66. Liu J, Divoux A, Sun J, Zhang J, Clément K, Glickman JN, Sukhova GK, Wolters PJ, Du J, Gorgun CZ, Doria A, Libby P, Blumberg RS, Kahn BB, Hotamisligil GS, Shi GP. Genetic deficiency and pharmacological stabilization of mast cells reduce diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice. Nat Med 2009;15:940-5.
67. Sun J, Sukhova GK, Wolters PJ, Yang M, Kitamoto S, Libby P, MacFarlane LA, Mallen-St Clair J, Shi GP. Mast cells promote atherosclerosis by releasing proinflammatory cytokines. Nat Med 2007;13:719-24.
68. Sun J, Sukhova GK, Yang M, Wolters PJ, MacFarlane LA, Libby P, Sun C, Zhang Y, Liu J, Ennis TL, Knispel R, Xiong W, Thompson RW, Baxter BT, Shi GP. Mast cells modulate the pathogenesis of elastase-induced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. J Clin Invest 2007;117:3359-68.
69. Sun J, Zhang J, Lindholt JS, Sukhova GK, Liu J, He A, Abrink M, Pejler G, Stevens RL, Thompson RW, Ennis TL, Gurish MF, Libby P, Shi GP. Critical role of mast cell chymase in mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Circulation 2009;120:973-82.
70. Xu JM, Shi GP. Emerging role of mast cells and macrophages in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Endocr Rev 2012;33:71-108.
71. Yoshimura Y, Murakami Y, Saitoh M, Yokoi T, Aoki T, Miura K, Ueshima H, Nozaki K. Statin use and risk of cerebral aneurysm rupture: a hospital-based case-control study in Japan. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014;23:343-8.
72. Kurth T, Kase CS, Berger K, Schaeffner ES, Buring JE, Gaziano JM. Smoking and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke in men. Stroke 2003;34:1151-5.
73. Sandvei MS, Romundstad PR, Müller TB, Vatten L, Vik A. Risk factors for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in a prospective population study: the HUNT study in Norway. Stroke 2009;40:1958-62.
74. Hasan DM, Mahaney KB, Brown RD Jr, Meissner I, Piepgras DG, Huston J, Capuano AW, Torner JC. Aspirin as a promising agent for decreasing incidence of cerebral aneurysm rupture. Stroke 2011;42:3156-62.
75. Gross BA, Rosalind Lai PM, Frerichs KU, Du R. Aspirin and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 2014;82:1127-30.
76. Garbe E, Kreisel SH, Behr S. Risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage and early case fatality associated with outpatient antithrombotic drug use. Stroke 2013;44:2422-6.
