fig2

Figure 2. Signaling imparted through interactions of advanced glycation end products (AGE) with the receptors for AGE (RAGE) versus interactions of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) or damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules with Toll like receptors (TLR). The schematic shows the two signaling pathways that operate in parallel but independent to each other; both lead to expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The presence of anti-inflammatory (M2) cytokines inhibits the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines of both inflammatory response pathways. NF: Neurofibromatosis; JNK: Jun-NH2-kinase